Roads to Independence · 通往独立之路
Autonomy or independence
- Nationalist leaders and parties in Asia and Africa sought varying degrees of autonomy within or independence from imperial rule.
- Varying degrees and within or from are two different demands, and movements moved between them over time.
- The CED names the Indian National Congress, Ho Chi Minh in French Indochina, Kwame Nkrumah in the Gold Coast, and Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt.
自治,还是独立
- 亚洲与非洲的民族主义领袖与政党,寻求在帝国统治内部获得不同程度的自治,或从帝国统治中独立。
- "不同程度"与"在其内部或脱离其统治"是两种不同的诉求,而各运动随时间在两者之间移动。
- CED 点名了印度国民大会党、法属印度支那的胡志明、黄金海岸的克瓦米·恩克鲁玛,以及埃及的贾迈勒·阿卜杜勒·纳赛尔。
Select all · 所有 the nationalist leaders and parties the CED names. · 选择 所有 CED 提到的民族主义领袖和政党。
Gamal Abdel Nasser in Egypt completes the CED's list. · 埃及的贾迈勒·阿卜杜勒·纳赛尔完成了 CED 的列表。
Two routes to the same end
- After the end of World War II, some colonies negotiated their independence, while others achieved independence through armed struggle.
- Negotiated: India, the Gold Coast, French West Africa.
- Armed struggle: Algeria from the French empire, Angola from the Portuguese empire, Vietnam from the French empire.
通往同一终点的两条路
- 第二次世界大战结束后,一些殖民地通过谈判取得独立,另一些则通过武装斗争取得独立。
- 通过谈判:印度、黄金海岸、法属西非。
- 通过武装斗争:脱离法兰西帝国的阿尔及利亚、脱离葡萄牙帝国的安哥拉、脱离法兰西帝国的越南。
Select all · 所有 the negotiated independences the CED names. · 选择 所有 CED 提到的通过谈判获得的独立。
Algeria is the CED's armed-struggle example. · 阿尔及利亚是 CED 的武装斗争示例。
What decided which route
- Look at the imperial power's own position: an exhausted state facing an organised movement may prefer to negotiate.
- Where a colony contained a large settler population, or where the metropole's politics made withdrawal impossible, armed struggle was more likely.
- So the route is explained by the coloniser's constraints as much as by the movement's choices.
是什么决定了走哪条路
- 看帝国主义强权自身的处境:一个精疲力竭、面对有组织运动的国家,可能更愿意谈判。
- 在殖民地拥有大量定居人口之处,或在宗主国政治使撤退不可能之处,武装斗争更有可能发生。
- 因此路线既由运动本身的选择解释,也同样由殖民者的约束条件解释。
Negotiated, armed, or a boundary movement? · 谈判、武装还是边界运动？
Sort each case by the CED's categories. · 根据 CED 的分类对每个案例进行排序。
This lesson explains the choice of route mainly by... · 本课主要通过……来解释路线的选择
Settler populations and metropolitan politics made withdrawal harder in some cases. · 定居者人口和宗主国政治使某些情况下的撤出变得更加困难。
Independence often meant inheriting somebody else's borders. The CED says regional, religious and ethnic movements challenged colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries — so the Muslim League, Québécois and Biafran cases are about the shape of the new state, not only about ending the old empire.
独立往往意味着承袭别人的边界。CED 说地区性、宗教性与族裔性运动挑战了殖民统治以及承袭而来的帝国边界——因此穆斯林联盟、魁北克与比夫拉的案例,关乎的是新国家的形状,而不只是旧帝国的终结。
Independence often meant taking over ____ somebody else had drawn. · 独立往往意味着接管____别人划定的界线。
Which is why regional, religious and ethnic movements challenged them. · 这就是为什么地区、宗教和民族运动挑战了它们。
Movements inside movements
- Regional, religious and ethnic movements challenged colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries. Some of these movements advocated for autonomy.
- The CED names the Muslim League in British India, the Québécois separatist movement in Canada, and the Biafra secessionist movement in Nigeria.
- Inherited imperial boundaries is the crucial phrase: independence often meant taking over borders somebody else had drawn.
运动内部的运动
- 地区性、宗教性与族裔性运动挑战了殖民统治以及承袭而来的帝国边界。其中一些运动主张自治。
- CED 点名了英属印度的穆斯林联盟、加拿大的魁北克分离主义运动,以及尼日利亚的比夫拉分离运动。
- "承袭而来的帝国边界"是关键措辞:独立往往意味着接手别人划下的边界。
Match each comparison axis to the question it asks. · 将每个比较轴与它提出的问题匹配。
Three axes across two cases is a complete comparison. · 两个案例的三个轴构成了完整的比较。
Comparing processes
- The objective is to compare the processes by which various peoples pursued independence after 1900.
- Useful axes: the demand (autonomy or independence), the method (negotiation or armed struggle), and the boundary (inherited or contested).
- Three axes across two cases is a complete comparison, and the CED supplies examples for every cell.
比较各种过程
- 这一目标是比较 1900 年后各民族追求独立的过程。
- 好用的轴:诉求(自治还是独立)、方法(谈判还是武装斗争),以及边界(承袭还是争议)。
- 三条轴横跨两个案例就是一次完整的比较,而 CED 为每一格都提供了例子。
Two colonies of the same empire become independent in the same decade: one after negotiation, one after eight years of war. The difference is not the strength of the demand — both had national parties — but whether the metropole could withdraw without a domestic political crisis of its own.
同一个帝国的两块殖民地在同一个十年里独立:一块经由谈判,一块经过八年战争。差别不在于诉求的强度——两者都有全国性政党——而在于宗主国能否在不引发本国政治危机的情况下撤出。
Nationalist leaders and parties sought varying degrees of autonomy within or independence from imperial rule — the Indian National Congress, Ho Chi Minh, Nkrumah, Nasser. Some colonies negotiated independence (India, the Gold Coast, French West Africa) while others achieved it through armed struggle (Algeria, Angola, Vietnam). Regional, religious and ethnic movements challenged colonial rule and inherited imperial boundaries.
民族主义领袖与政党寻求在帝国统治内部获得不同程度的自治,或从中独立——印度国民大会党、胡志明、恩克鲁玛、纳赛尔。一些殖民地通过谈判取得独立(印度、黄金海岸、法属西非),另一些则通过武装斗争(阿尔及利亚、安哥拉、越南)。地区性、宗教性与族裔性运动挑战了殖民统治以及承袭而来的帝国边界。