Communism in China, and Redistribution · 中国的共产主义以及财富再分配
What the CED states about China
- As a result of internal tension and Japanese aggression, Chinese communists seized power. These changes in China eventually led to communist revolution.
- The CED gives two causes and puts them in that order: internal tension and Japanese aggression.
- So the explanation is again a combination of internal and external factors, exactly as in 7.1.
CED 关于中国的陈述
- 由于内部紧张与日本的侵略,中国共产党人夺取了政权。中国的这些变化最终导致了共产主义革命。
- CED 给出了两个原因,并按这个顺序排列:内部紧张与日本的侵略。
- 因此这一解释同样是内部与外部因素的结合,与 7.1 完全一致。
Select both · 两者 causes the CED gives for the Chinese communists seizing power. · 选择 两者 CED 给出的中国共产党夺取政权的原因。
A combination of internal and external factors, exactly as in 7.1. · 内部和外部因素的结合，正如 7.1 中所述。
State control of the economy
- In communist China, the government controlled the national economy through the Great Leap Forward, often implementing repressive policies, with negative repercussions for the population.
- The CED gives China and the Soviet Union parallel sentences — 7.4 says the same of the Five Year Plans.
- So the comparison the exam expects is between two state-directed economies, described in the CED's identical terms.
国家对经济的控制
- 在共产主义中国,政府通过大跃进控制国民经济,并常常实行压制性政策,给民众带来了负面后果。
- CED 给中国与苏联写的是平行的句子——7.4 对五年计划的说法与此相同。
- 因此考试期待的比较,是两个由国家主导的经济体之间的比较,而 CED 用的是完全相同的措辞。
The CED's sentence about the Great Leap Forward is parallel to its sentence about... · CED 关于大跃进的句子与其关于……的句子结构平行。
Both describe a government controlling the national economy, with the same qualifiers. · 两者都描述了一个控制国民经济的政府，且带有相同的限定词。
Redistribution movements were widespread
- Movements to redistribute land and resources developed within states in Africa, Asia and Latin America, sometimes advocating communism or socialism.
- Sometimes is the CED's qualifier — redistribution is not the same thing as communism.
- Its examples: the Communist Revolution for Vietnamese independence, Mengistu Haile Mariam in Ethiopia, land reform in Kerala and other Indian states, and the White Revolution in Iran.
再分配运动广泛存在
- 土地与资源再分配的运动在非洲、亚洲与拉丁美洲的国家内部发展起来,有时倡导共产主义或社会主义。
- "有时"是 CED 的限定语——再分配与共产主义并不是一回事。
- 它的例子:为越南独立而进行的共产主义革命、埃塞俄比亚的门格斯图·海尔·马里亚姆、喀拉拉邦及印度其他各邦的土地改革,以及伊朗的白色革命。
Cause, state-directed economy, or a redistribution movement? · 原因、国家主导的经济还是再分配运动？
Sort each item in this subtopic. · 对该子主题中的每项内容进行排序。
Select all · 所有 the redistribution examples the CED names. · 选择 所有 CED 提到的再分配实例。
The Communist Revolution for Vietnamese independence completes the CED's list. · 越南独立的共产主义革命完成了 CED 的列表。
Redistribution and communism are not the same category. The CED writes that redistribution movements sometimes advocated communism or socialism, and its own examples include the White Revolution in Iran and Indian state land reform, neither of which was communist.
再分配与共产主义不是同一个范畴。CED 写的是再分配运动有时倡导共产主义或社会主义,而它自己的例子包括伊朗的白色革命与印度各邦的土地改革,两者都不是共产主义的。
All redistribution movements in this subtopic advocated communism. · 本子主题中的所有再分配运动都主张共产主义。
The CED's qualifier is sometimes, and its examples include a monarchy and an elected state government. · CED 的限定词是 有时，其例子包括一个君主制国家和一个民选政府。
Why land was the issue
- In agrarian societies, land ownership determines income, credit, political influence and food security at once.
- So redistributing land is the fastest available change to a rural society's structure — and the most contested.
- That is why the CED finds these movements on three continents and under several different ideologies.
为何土地成为问题
- 在农业社会中,土地所有权同时决定收入、信贷、政治影响力与粮食安全。
- 因此再分配土地,是对乡村社会结构最快捷可行的改变——也是争议最大的。
- 这正是 CED 在三个大洲、在若干不同意识形态之下都发现这类运动的原因。
In agrarian societies, land ownership determines income, credit, political influence and ____ security at once. · 在农业社会中，土地所有权同时决定了收入、信贷、政治影响力和____安全。
Which is why redistributing it is the fastest and most contested change available. · 这就是为什么重新分配它是目前最快且最具争议的变化。
Causes and effects, in both objectives
- Both objectives here ask for causes and consequences or causes and effects.
- For China: internal tension and external aggression as causes; state-directed economy and its consequences for the population as effects.
- For redistribution: rural inequality as a cause, and changes in land tenure, output and political alignment as effects.
两个目标都要成因与结果
- 这里的两个目标都要求成因与后果或成因与结果。
- 对中国而言:内部紧张与外部侵略是成因;由国家主导的经济及其对民众的后果是结果。
- 对再分配而言:乡村不平等是成因,而土地占有、产出与政治取向的变化是结果。
Four governments on three continents redistribute land in the same decades, under a communist party, a military regime, an elected state government and a monarchy. The problem they share is rural inequality; the ideologies differ completely — which is exactly why the CED's qualifier is sometimes.
三个大洲上的四个政府,在同样的几十年里进行土地再分配,分别是在一个共产党、一个军政权、一个民选的邦政府与一个君主制之下。它们共有的问题是乡村不平等;而意识形态完全不同——这正是 CED 用"有时"作限定的原因。
As a result of internal tension and Japanese aggression, Chinese communists seized power, and in communist China the government controlled the national economy through the Great Leap Forward, often implementing repressive policies, with negative repercussions for the population — a sentence parallel to the CED's Soviet one. Movements to redistribute land and resources developed in Africa, Asia and Latin America, sometimes advocating communism or socialism.
由于内部紧张与日本的侵略,中国共产党人夺取了政权,而在共产主义中国,政府通过大跃进控制国民经济,并常常实行压制性政策,给民众带来负面后果——这与 CED 关于苏联的那句话是平行的。土地与资源再分配的运动在非洲、亚洲与拉丁美洲发展起来,有时倡导共产主义或社会主义。