New Classes, New Cities · 新阶级、新城市
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| middle class/ˈmɪdl klæs/ | 中产阶级 | zhōng chǎn jiē jí |
| industrial working class/ɪnˈdʌstrɪəl ˈwɜːkɪŋ klæs/ | 工业工人阶级 | gōng yè gōng rén jiē jí |
Two classes that did not exist before
- New social classes, including the middle class and the industrial working class, developed.
- A middle class 中产阶级 lives on salaries, professions and commerce rather than land or wages at a machine.
- An industrial working class 工业工人阶级 sells labour for a wage in a factory — a category that needs a factory to exist.
两个从前不存在的阶级
- 新的社会阶级出现了,包括中产阶级与工业工人阶级。
- 中产阶级(middle class)靠薪金、专业职业与商业为生,而不是靠土地或机器旁的工资。
- 工业工人阶级(industrial working class)在工厂里出卖劳动换取工资——这个范畴的存在需要有工厂。
Select all · 所有 the new social classes the CED names. · 选择CED命名的所有新社会阶级。
Nobility and peasantry existed long before industrialisation. · 贵族和农民阶层在工业化之前就已存在。
Class divided women's lives
- While women and often children in working class families typically held wage-earning jobs to supplement their families' income, middle-class women who did not have the same economic demands to satisfy were increasingly limited to roles in the household or roles focused on child development.
- One sentence, two opposite experiences — and the CED makes class the variable that separates them.
- So "what happened to women in the nineteenth century" has no single answer, which is exactly the point.
阶级分开了女性的生活
- 工人阶级家庭中的妇女、往往还有儿童,通常从事挣工资的工作以补贴家用;而中产阶级妇女由于没有同样的经济需求要满足,则日益被限制在家户角色、或以子女养育为中心的角色之中。
- 一句话,两种相反的经历——而 CED 把阶级当作区分两者的变量。
- 因此"十九世纪女性发生了什么"没有单一答案,而这恰恰就是要点。
The variable the CED uses to explain women's different experiences is... · CED用来解释女性不同经历的变量是……
Working-class women held wage jobs; middle-class women were increasingly confined to the household. · 工薪阶层女性从事有薪工作；中产阶级女性越来越多地被局限于家庭之中。
Cities grew faster than they could cope
- The rapid urbanisation that accompanied global capitalism at times led to a variety of challenges, including pollution, poverty, increased crime, public health crises, housing shortages and insufficient infrastructure to accommodate urban growth.
- Six named challenges, and they share one cause: growth outrunning the systems built for a smaller city.
- At times is the CED's qualifier — not every city, and not permanently.
城市成长得比它们能应付的更快
- 伴随全球资本主义的快速城市化,有时带来了各种挑战,包括污染、贫困、犯罪增加、公共卫生危机、住房短缺,以及无法容纳城市增长的基础设施不足。
- 六项被点名的挑战,而它们共有一个原因:增长跑赢了为更小的城市所建的那些系统。
- "有时"是 CED 的限定语——并非每一座城市,也并非永久如此。
New class, gendered experience, or urban challenge? · 新阶级、性别化经历还是城市挑战？
Sort each development in industrial society. · 对工业化社会的每项发展进行排序。
Select all · 所有 the urban challenges the CED names. · 选择CED命名的所有城市挑战。
Poverty, crime and insufficient infrastructure complete the six. · 贫困、犯罪和基础设施不足构成了其余六项。
Class, not gender alone, decided women's experience of industrialisation. The CED's single sentence puts working-class women in wage work and middle-class women increasingly confined to the household — so an answer generalising about "women in the nineteenth century" has erased the variable the CED built the sentence around.
**决定女性工业化经历的是阶级,而不仅仅是性别。**CED 的同一句话,把工人阶级妇女放在挣工资的劳动中,把中产阶级妇女日益限制在家户之中——因此笼统谈论"十九世纪的女性"的答案,抹去了 CED 构建这句话所围绕的那个变量。
This subtopic supplies the content for 5.7's qualifier, "for ____". · 本子主题为5.7的限定语“for ____”提供内容。
The middle class gained; working-class families sent women and children into wage work. · 中产阶级受益；工薪家庭让女性和儿童进入有偿劳动。
This is where "for some" gets its content
- 5.7 said industrial capitalism raised living standards for some; this subtopic is the other side of that qualifier.
- The middle class gained; working-class families sent women and children into wage work to make ends meet.
- Linking the two subtopics is the cheapest way to show you understand the unit rather than the bullet.
"为一部分人"在这里获得了它的内容
- 5.7 说工业资本主义为一部分人提高了生活水平;本小节正是那个限定语的另一面。
- 中产阶级获益;而工人阶级家庭把妇女与儿童送去挣工资,以维持生计。
- 把这两个小节连起来,是显示你理解整个单元而非某一条要点的最省力方式。
Standards of living could rise and urban conditions worsen at the same time. · 生活水平可能提高，同时城市状况恶化。
Cheaper, more various goods and pollution, crowding and disease — both at once. · 更便宜、种类更多的商品以及污染、拥挤和疾病——两者并存。
Hierarchies and standards of living
- The objective is how industrialisation caused change in existing social hierarchies and standards of living.
- Hierarchies: new classes appear and old ranks based on land lose relative position.
- Standards of living: consumer goods became cheaper and more various while urban conditions in some places got worse — both at once.
等级与生活水平
- 这一目标是工业化如何改变既有的社会等级与生活水平。
- 等级:新的阶级出现,而基于土地的旧等第相对地位下降。
- 生活水平:消费品变得更便宜、更多样,而某些地方的城市生活条件却变差了——两者同时发生。
Two women in the same city in 1870. One works twelve hours in a mill because the family's income requires it; the other is expected not to work at all, and her respectability depends on that. The same economy produced both roles, and the thing that separates them is which class the household belongs to.
1870 年同一座城市里的两位女性。一位在纺织厂做工十二小时,因为家庭收入需要如此;另一位则被期待完全不去工作,而她的体面正取决于此。同一个经济体产生了这两种角色,而把它们分开的,是这个家户属于哪个阶级。
New social classes developed — the middle class and the industrial working class. Working-class women and children held wage jobs; middle-class women were increasingly limited to household or child-development roles. Rapid urbanisation at times brought pollution, poverty, crime, public health crises, housing shortages and insufficient infrastructure.
新的社会阶级出现——中产阶级与工业工人阶级。 工人阶级的妇女与儿童从事挣工资的工作;中产阶级妇女日益被限制在家户或子女养育的角色之中。 快速城市化有时带来污染、贫困、犯罪、公共卫生危机、住房短缺与基础设施不足。