How Much Did Industry Change? · 工业改变了多少？
"To what extent" is a real question
- Explain the extent to which industrialisation brought change from 1750 to 1900.
- Extent means the answer is a degree, not a yes or no — so the essay must weigh change against continuity.
- An answer that only lists changes has answered "did it?" instead of "how much?"
"在多大程度上"是一个真问题
- 解释 1750 至 1900 年间工业化在多大程度上带来了变化。
- "程度"意味着答案是一个度,而不是是或否——因此文章必须把变化与延续放在一起权衡。
- 只罗列变化的答案,回答的是"它带来变化了吗?",而不是"带来了多少?"
"To what extent" requires an answer that is... · “到什么程度”需要一个……的答案
An answer that only lists changes has answered "did it?" · 仅列出变化的回答只回答了‘是否发生了变化？’
The case for large change
- Railroads, steamships and the telegraph made exploration, development and communication possible in interior regions globally, which led to increased trade and migration.
- New classes appeared, energy per person rose enormously, and manufacturing shares shifted between world regions.
- This is the strongest single body of evidence, and it is all in units 5.3 to 5.5.
支持"变化巨大"的论据
- 铁路、蒸汽船与电报,使全球内陆地区的勘探、开发与通讯成为可能,从而带来了贸易与移民的增加。
- 新的阶级出现,人均能量急剧上升,而制造业份额在世界各区域之间发生转移。
- 这是最有力的一组证据,而它们全都在 5.3 至 5.5 之中。
Select all · 所有 the continuities available for this answer. · 选择所有适用于该答案的延续性内容。
New classes did appear — that belongs on the change side. · 新阶级确实出现了——这应归入变化一侧。
The case for limited change
- Most of the world's people in 1900 still worked in agriculture, and most production was still not mechanised.
- Industrialisation was concentrated in parts of Europe, the U.S., Russia and Japan — the CED's own list is short.
- *Industrial capitalism led to increased standards of living for some * — the qualifier is a limit on the extent.
支持"变化有限"的论据
- 1900 年时,世界上多数人仍从事农业,而多数生产仍未机械化。
- 工业化集中在欧洲的部分地区、美国、俄国与日本——CED 自己的清单很短。
- 工业资本主义为一部分人带来了生活水平的提高——这一限定语正是对"程度"的一个限制。
Evidence for change, for continuity, or the other engine? · 变化的证据、连续的证据还是另一种引擎？
Sort each piece of evidence in an extent answer. · 对程度回答中的每条证据进行排序。
Unit 5's second engine, running alongside industry, is . · 单元5的第二台引擎，与工业并行运行，是。
Driven by Enlightenment thought and nationalism. · 由启蒙思想和民族主义驱动。
"To what extent" asks for a degree, not a list. An essay that names ten changes and no continuities has answered a different question. The CED's own qualifiers — industrialisation in parts of a short list of countries, living standards raised for some — are the limits your degree has to account for.
**"在多大程度上"要求的是一个程度,不是一份清单。**一篇点出十项变化、却不提任何延续的文章,回答的是另一个问题。CED 自己的限定语——工业化只在一份短清单中若干国家的部分地区、生活水平只为一部分人提高——正是你的程度判断必须交代的那些限制。
Put the extent routine in order. · 将常规程度判断按顺序排列。
The qualifiers are the limits your degree has to explain. · 这些限定词是你程度判断必须涵盖的范围限制。
And the revolutions belong here too
- The unit's other review statement is about an intense period of revolution and rebellion leading to new nation-states, driven by Enlightenment thought and nationalism.
- So unit 5 has two engines, not one: industry and revolution, running at the same time.
- The strongest extent answers connect them — new wealth and new classes gave the new ideologies their audience.
而那些革命也属于这里
- 本单元的另一条复习陈述,关乎一个由启蒙思想与民族主义驱动、催生新民族国家的密集革命与反抗时期。
- 因此第五单元有两台引擎,不是一台:工业与革命,同时运转。
- 最有力的"程度"类答案会把两者连起来——新的财富与新的阶级,为那些新的意识形态提供了听众。
"Transformative where it happened, and it happened in few places" is a defensible verdict. · "在发生处具有变革性，且发生地极少"是一个可辩护的结论。
It is a degree, and the evidence for both halves is already in the unit. · 这是一个程度判断，两方面的证据都在本单元中。
An extent routine
- State the largest change and its best evidence in one sentence.
- State the largest continuity and its best evidence in one sentence.
- Then give your degree — substantial but geographically concentrated is a defensible verdict, and the evidence for it is already written.
"程度"流程
- 用一句话陈述最大的变化及其最好的证据。
- 用一句话陈述最大的延续及其最好的证据。
- 然后给出你的程度判断——"实质性的,但在地理上高度集中"是一个站得住的结论,而支持它的证据已经写好了。
Change: the energy available to a society multiplied, and railways opened interiors that had never traded. Continuity: in 1900 most people on earth still farmed, and most of them by hand. Degree: transformative where it happened, and it had happened in relatively few places — which is a verdict, and it can be defended from the CED alone.
变化:一个社会可获得的能量成倍增长,而铁路打开了从未有过贸易的内陆。延续:1900 年时,地球上多数人仍在务农,而其中多数仍靠双手。程度:在它发生之处是变革性的,而它发生过的地方相对不多——这是一个结论,而且仅凭 CED 就足以捍卫。
Extent means a degree, not a yes or no. Change: railroads, steamships and the telegraph opened interior regions, increasing trade and migration; new classes; shifted manufacturing shares. Continuity: most people still farmed, and industry sat in parts of a short list of countries with living standards raised for some. Unit 5's second engine is revolution and nationalism.
"程度"意味着一个度,而不是是或否。变化:铁路、蒸汽船与电报打开了内陆地区,增加了贸易与移民;新的阶级;转移的制造业份额。延续:多数人仍在务农,而工业只坐落在一份短清单中若干国家的部分地区,生活水平只为一部分人提高。第五单元的第二台引擎是革命与民族主义。