Continuity and Change, 1450–1750 · 1450–1750年的延续与变迁
Still an agricultural world
- Although the world's productive systems continued to be heavily centred on agriculture, major changes occurred in agricultural labour, the systems and locations of manufacturing, gender and social structures, and environmental processes.
- The CED writes the continuity first, and it is the larger fact: most people still farmed.
- The changes are real but sit inside that continuity — which is the shape of the whole unit's answer.
依然是一个农业世界
- 尽管世界的生产体系仍以农业为重心,农业劳动、制造业的体系与地点、性别与社会结构,以及环境过程,都发生了重大变化。
- CED 把延续写在前面,而这是更大的事实:多数人仍然务农。
- 那些变化是真实的,但它们坐落在这一延续之内——这正是整个单元答案的形态。
The CED's sentence about productive systems begins with... · CED关于生产体系的句子以……开头
Although the world's productive systems continued to be heavily centred on agriculture… · *尽管世界的生产体系仍主要集中于农业……*
Demand intensified labour everywhere
- The demand for labour intensified as a result of the growing global demand for raw materials and finished products.
- Traditional peasant agriculture increased and changed in nature, plantations expanded, and the Atlantic slave trade developed and intensified.
- Three different labour trajectories, all driven by the same demand — that shared cause is what makes them one argument.
需求在各处强化了劳动
- 由于全球对原材料与制成品的需求增长,对劳动力的需求也随之强化。
- 传统的农民农业增加并在性质上发生变化,种植园扩张,大西洋奴隶贸易发展并强化。
- 三条不同的劳动轨迹,都由同一种需求驱动——正是这一共同原因,使它们构成同一个论证。
Select all · 所有 the areas of major change the CED names. · 选中CED指出的发生重大变化的所有领域。
Environmental processes complete the list. · 环境进程完成了该列表。
The connection is the cause
- The interconnection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres, made possible by transoceanic voyaging, transformed trade and had a significant social impact on the world.
- That single sentence is the unit's thesis: connection first, then trade, then society.
- Every subtopic in unit 4 is a step along that chain, which is why the review objective is about social structures.
联系本身就是原因
- 由跨洋航行所促成的东西两半球的互联,改变了贸易,并对世界产生了重大的社会影响。
- 这一句话就是本单元的论点:先有联系,再有贸易,然后是社会。
- 第四单元的每一个小节都是这条链上的一步,这正是复习目标关乎社会结构的原因。
Continuity, change, or the shared cause? · 延续、变迁，还是共同原因？
Sort each statement about 1450–1750. · 对1450–1750年的每项陈述进行排序。
Select all · 所有 the labour trajectories the CED names under intensified demand. · 选择CED在需求加剧下命名的所有劳动力轨迹。
Factory labour arrives with industrialisation, in unit 5. · 随着工业化，工厂劳动在第5单元中登场。
Write the continuity before the changes. The CED's own sentence begins although the world's productive systems continued to be heavily centred on agriculture — most people in 1750 still farmed. An answer that leads with plantations and silver has described the exceptional and skipped the general.
**先写延续,再写变化。**CED 自己的句子以"尽管世界的生产体系仍以农业为重心"开头——1750 年时多数人仍然务农。以种植园与白银开头的答案,描述了特殊的,却跳过了一般的。
The unit's thesis chain is connection, then trade, then . · 本单元的论点链条是：联系，然后是贸易，接着是。
Which is why the review objective is about social structures. · 这就是为什么复习目标关注社会结构的原因。
And empires kept colliding
- Empires achieved increased scope and influence around the world, shaping and being shaped by the diverse populations they incorporated, and economic disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.
- So unit 3's frame carries straight through unit 4, with economics added to the list of causes.
- The two units answer one question together: what did states become between 1450 and 1750?
而帝国仍在相互碰撞
- 帝国在世界各地扩大了范围与影响,既塑造了它们所纳入的多样人群,也被这些人群所塑造,而且经济争端导致了国家之间的对立与冲突。
- 因此第三单元的框架径直贯穿第四单元,只是在原因清单上加进了经济。
- 两个单元合起来回答一个问题:1450 至 1750 年间,国家变成了什么?
Put the continuity-and-change routine in order. · 将连续性与变化常规排序。
Continuity first, because it is the larger fact. · 先讲连续性，因为它是更宏观的事实。
A continuity-and-change routine
- State the continuity first — the world stayed agricultural and most labour was rural.
- Then name two changes inside it: what people grew, and under what compulsion.
- Close by naming the cause both changes share: global demand created by hemispheric connection.
延续与变化流程
- 先陈述延续——世界仍然是农业的,多数劳动仍在乡村。
- 然后说出这一延续之内的两项变化:人们种什么,以及在何种强制之下种。
- 以点出两项变化共有的原因作结:由半球互联所造就的全球需求。
Continuity: in 1750, as in 1450, most people worked the land. Change one: what they grew shifted — American crops in Afro-Eurasia, cash crops in the Americas. Change two: under what compulsion — intensified peasant labour, expanded plantations, an intensified Atlantic slave trade. One cause: global demand created by hemispheric connection.
延续:1750 年一如 1450 年,多数人都在土地上劳作。变化之一:他们种什么变了——美洲作物进入欧亚非,经济作物进入美洲。变化之二:在何种强制之下——被强化的农民劳动、扩张的种植园、强化的大西洋奴隶贸易。一个原因:由半球互联所造就的全球需求。
Productive systems remained centred on agriculture, with major changes in agricultural labour, manufacturing, gender and social structures and environmental processes. Demand for labour intensified — peasant agriculture changed, plantations expanded, the Atlantic slave trade intensified. The unit's thesis: hemispheric interconnection transformed trade and had a significant social impact.
生产体系仍以农业为重心,而农业劳动、制造业、性别与社会结构以及环境过程发生了重大变化。对劳动力的需求强化——农民农业发生变化、种植园扩张、大西洋奴隶贸易强化。本单元的论点:半球互联改变了贸易,并产生了重大的社会影响。