The Enlightenment · 启蒙运动
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Enlightenment/enˈlaɪtənmənt/ | 启蒙运动 | qǐ méng yùn dòng |
| philosophies applied new ways of understanding and empiricist | 经验主义的 | jīng yàn zhǔ yì de |
| Philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights | 自然权利 | zì rán quán lì |
| and the social contract/ænd ðə ˈsəʊʃl ˈkɒntrækt/ | 社会契约 | shè huì qì yuē |
| These reform movements contributed to the expansion of rights, as seen in expanded suffrage | 选举权 | xuǎn jǔ quán |
A method before it was a politics
- Enlightenment 启蒙运动 philosophies applied new ways of understanding and empiricist 经验主义的 approaches to both the natural world and human relationships.
- Empiricist means claims are tested against observation rather than accepted from authority.
- Applying that method to human relationships is the step that turns a way of studying nature into a way of questioning a government.
它先是一种方法,然后才是一种政治
- 启蒙运动(Enlightenment)的哲学,把新的理解方式与经验主义(empiricist)的方法,同时应用于自然世界与人际关系。
- 经验主义的意思是:主张要接受观察的检验,而不是从权威那里照单全收。
- 把这一方法用于人际关系,正是把研究自然的方式变成质疑政府之方式的那一步。
The step that turned a way of studying nature into a way of questioning government was applying empiricism to... · 把研究自然的方式变成质疑政府之方式的那一步,是把经验主义应用于……
The CED names both the natural world and human relationships. · CED 同时点出了自然世界与人际关系。
Three new political ideas
- Philosophers developed new political ideas about the individual, natural rights 自然权利 and the social contract 社会契约.
- Natural rights belong to a person before any government exists, so a government cannot be their source.
- The social contract makes government an agreement rather than an inheritance — and an agreement can be judged.
三个新的政治观念
- 天赋权利(natural rights)社会契约(social contract)的新政治观念。
- 自然权利在任何政府存在之前就属于一个人,因此政府不可能是它们的来源。
- 社会契约使政府成为一项约定而非一份继承——而约定是可以被评判的。
Select all · 所有 the new political ideas the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的所有新政治观念。
Mercantilism is an economic policy from unit 4. · 重商主义是第四单元的一项经济政策。
Religion in public life, re-examined
- Enlightenment philosophies reexamined the role that religion played in public life and emphasised the importance of reason.
- Reexamined is the CED's careful word — not abolished, and not universally opposed.
- The rise and diffusion of Enlightenment thought that questioned established traditions in all areas of life often preceded revolutions and rebellions against existing governments.
重新审视宗教在公共生活中的地位
- 启蒙哲学重新审视了宗教在公共生活中所扮演的角色,并强调理性的重要性。
- "重新审视"是 CED 谨慎的用词——不是废除,也不是一概反对。
- 质疑各生活领域既有传统的启蒙思想的兴起与传播,常常先于针对既有政府的革命与反抗。
Trace an Enlightenment idea to a movement · 把一个启蒙理念追到一场运动
'Enlightenment ideas led to revolution' is the claim; the reason in between is the explanation. · "启蒙思想导致革命"是主张;中间的理由才是解释。
The CED says Enlightenment philosophy abolished religion's public role. · CED 说启蒙哲学废除了宗教的公共角色。
Its word is reexamined — and it credits religious ideals in reform movements. · 它用的词是重新审视——而且它在改革运动中肯定了宗教理想。
The CED credits religious ideals alongside Enlightenment ideas. Reform movements — abolition especially — drew on both, and an answer that presents rights expansion as purely secular reasoning has dropped half of the CED's own clause.
**CED 把宗教理想与启蒙观念并列。**改革运动——尤其是废奴——同时汲取自两者,而把权利扩展呈现为纯粹世俗推理的答案,丢掉了 CED 自己那个分句的一半。
Select all · 所有 the rights expansions the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的所有权利扩展。
Healthcare belongs to the twentieth century, in unit 9. · 医疗属于二十世纪,在第九单元。
Reform, not only revolution
- Enlightenment ideas and religious ideals influenced various reform movements.
- These reform movements contributed to the expansion of rights, as seen in expanded suffrage 选举权, the abolition of slavery, and the end of serfdom.
- Note and religious ideals: the CED credits religious motivation alongside Enlightenment reasoning, especially in abolition.
改革,而不只是革命
- 启蒙观念与宗教理想影响了各种改革运动。
- 这些改革运动促成了权利的扩展,体现为选举权(suffrage)的扩大、奴隶制的废除,以及农奴制的终结。
- 注意"与宗教理想":CED 把宗教动机与启蒙推理并列,尤其在废奴运动中。
Match each text or event to its author or organiser. · 把每份文本或每场活动与其作者或组织者配对。
Each applies the existing principle of natural rights consistently. · 每一项都把既有的自然权利原则一以贯之地加以应用。
And a challenge to gender hierarchy
- Demands for women's suffrage and an emergent feminism challenged political and gender hierarchies.
- The CED names *Mary Wollstonecraft's A Vindication of the Rights of Woman *, *Olympe de Gouges's Declaration of the Rights of Woman and of the Female Citizen *, and the Seneca Falls Conference (1848) organised by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott.
- Each takes the language of natural rights and asks why it stops where it does — the method turned on its own users.
以及对性别等级的挑战
- 对女性选举权的诉求与新兴的女性主义,挑战了政治与性别等级。
- CED 点名了玛丽·沃斯通克拉夫特的《女权辩护》、奥兰普·德古热的《女权与女公民权宣言》,以及由伊丽莎白·卡迪·斯坦顿与卢克丽霞·莫特组织的塞内卡福尔斯会议(1848 年)。
- 每一项都取用自然权利的语言,并追问它为何止步于此——这一方法被反过来用在了它自己的使用者身上。
Olympe de Gouges writes a declaration of women's rights modelled sentence by sentence on the French declaration of men's rights. She is not introducing a new principle — she is applying the existing one consistently, and the document's force comes from how little she had to change.
奥兰普·德古热逐句仿照法国的男性权利宣言,写下了一份女性权利宣言。她并没有引入一条新原则——她只是把既有的原则一以贯之地加以应用,而这份文件的力量,正来自她几乎不需要改动什么。
Enlightenment philosophies applied empiricist approaches to the natural world and human relationships, developing ideas about the individual, natural rights and the social contract, and reexamined religion's role in public life. Its diffusion often preceded revolutions. *Enlightenment ideas and religious ideals * drove reform — expanded suffrage, abolition, the end of serfdom — and an emergent feminism challenged gender hierarchies.
启蒙哲学把经验主义方法同时应用于自然世界与人际关系,发展出关于个人、自然权利与社会契约的观念,并重新审视了宗教在公共生活中的角色。它的传播常常先于革命。启蒙观念*与宗教理想 *推动了改革——选举权扩大、废奴、农奴制终结——而新兴的女性主义挑战了性别等级。