Belief Systems, 1450–1750 · 信仰体系，1450–1750
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| The Protestant Reformation/ðə ˈprɒtɪstənt rɪfɔːˈmeɪʃn/ | 新教改革 | xīn jiào gǎi gé |
| Political rivalries between the Ottoman and Safavid empires intensified the split within Islam between Sunni | 逊尼派 | xùn ní pài |
| and Shi'a/ænd ʃɪə/ | 什叶派 | shén yè pài |
| Sikhism/ˈsiːkɪzəm/ | 锡克教 | xī kè jiào |
| syncretic/sɪnˈkretɪk/ | 融合的 | róng hé de |
A break that grew the whole
- The Protestant Reformation 新教改革 marked a break with existing Christian traditions, and both the Protestant and Catholic reformations contributed to the growth of Christianity.
- The CED's sentence contains a paradox worth noticing: a split grew the religion.
- Reform on both sides produced new institutions, new schools and new missionary effort.
一次让整体增长的分裂
- 新教改革(Protestant Reformation)标志着与既有基督教传统的决裂,而新教与天主教两方面的改革都促进了基督教的增长。
- CED 的这句话包含一个值得注意的悖论:一次分裂使这一宗教增长了。
- 双方的改革都产生了新的机构、新的学校与新的传教努力。
The Reformation reduced the overall reach of Christianity. · 宗教改革减少了基督教的总体影响力。
The CED says both · 两者 the Protestant and Catholic reformations contributed to the growth of Christianity. · CED指出新教和天主教改革都促进了基督教的增长。
A political rivalry deepened a religious split
- Political rivalries between the Ottoman and Safavid empires intensified the split within Islam between Sunni 逊尼派 and Shi'a 什叶派.
- Note the direction of causation: politics intensified a religious division that already existed.
- It is the clearest case in the unit of 3.1's political and religious disputes running together.
政治对立加深了宗教分裂
- 奥斯曼与萨法维帝国之间的政治对立,加剧了伊斯兰教内部逊尼派(Sunni)与什叶派(Shi'a)的分裂。
- 注意因果的方向:政治加剧了一个已经存在的宗教分歧。
- 这是本单元中 3.1 所说"政治与宗教争端"并行的最清晰案例。
The Ottoman–Safavid rivalry's effect on the Sunni–Shi'a split was to... · 奥斯曼-萨法维 rivalry（竞争/敌对）对逊尼派-什叶派分裂的影响是……
The division long predates both empires; the CED's verb is intensified. · 这种分裂早于这两个帝国；CED的动词是 intensified（加剧）。
A new religion from an interaction
- Sikhism 锡克教 developed in South Asia in a context of interactions between Hinduism and Islam.
- The CED's phrase is in a context of interactions — not "a mixture of".
- It is a syncretic 融合的 development: something new emerging where two traditions met, not a blend of both.
一次互动催生的新宗教
- 锡克教(Sikhism)在印度教与伊斯兰教互动的背景下于南亚形成。
- CED 的措辞是"在互动的背景下"——而不是"两者的混合"。
- 这是一次融合的(syncretic)发展:在两种传统相遇之处生成的新事物,而不是两者的调和。
Which mechanism is at work? · 运作的是什么机制？
Sort each case by how the change happened. · 按变化发生的方式对每个案例进行分类。
Sikhism developed in a context of ____ between Hinduism and Islam. · 锡克教是在印度教与伊斯兰教之间的____背景下发展起来的。
The CED's phrase is in a context of interactions, not "a mixture of". · CED的表述是“在互动的背景下”，而非“一种混合”。
The Ottoman–Safavid rivalry did not create the Sunni–Shi'a split; it intensified it. The CED's verb is intensified, and the division long predates both empires. Getting the direction of causation right is what separates a correct answer from a plausible one.
**奥斯曼-萨法维的对立并没有制造逊尼-什叶的分裂;它加剧了这一分裂。**CED 用的动词是"加剧",而这一分歧远早于这两个帝国。把因果方向弄对,正是正确答案与看似合理的答案之间的分别。
Select all · 所有 the changes the CED names in this subtopic. · 选中本子主题中CED提到的所有变化。
The CED never describes a religion disappearing in this period. · CED从未在此时期描述过宗教的消失。
Continuity and change, together
- The objective asks for continuity and change within the various belief systems.
- Change: a new branch of Christianity, an intensified Sunni–Shi'a split, a new religion in South Asia.
- Continuity: all three happen inside traditions that continue — the CED never describes a religion disappearing.
延续与变化,同时发生
- 这一目标要求说明各信仰体系内部的延续与变化。
- 变化:基督教的一个新分支、被加剧的逊尼-什叶分裂、南亚的一种新宗教。
- 延续:三者都发生在延续着的传统内部——CED 从未描述某种宗教的消失。
Match each case to its mechanism. · 将每个案例与其机制匹配。
Name the mechanism, not just the case. · 指出机制，而不仅仅是案例。
Three cases, three mechanisms
- Reformation: internal reform producing a break, and growth on both sides of it.
- Sunni–Shi'a: an external political rivalry deepening an internal division.
- Sikhism: contact between two traditions producing a third. Name the mechanism, not just the case.
三个案例,三种机制
- 宗教改革:内部改革带来分裂,而分裂两侧都出现增长。
- 逊尼-什叶:外部政治对立加深内部分歧。
- 锡克教:两种传统的接触催生了第三种。要点出机制,而不只是案例。
Two empires with a contested frontier each adopt the other's rival branch of Islam as a state creed. The theological difference is old; what is new is that crossing the border now means changing which authority you are supposed to obey. Politics did not invent the split — it made it a matter of state.
两个边界存在争议的帝国,各自把对方所属之对立教派的伊斯兰教定为国教。神学上的差异是古老的;新出现的是:如今跨越边界,意味着改变你应当服从的是哪一个权威。政治没有发明这一分裂——它把这一分裂变成了国家事务。
The Protestant Reformation marked a break, and both reformations grew Christianity. Ottoman–Safavid political rivalry intensified the existing Sunni–Shi'a split. Sikhism developed in a context of interactions between Hinduism and Islam. Three cases, three different mechanisms — name the mechanism.
新教改革标志着一次决裂,而两方面的改革都使基督教增长。 奥斯曼-萨法维的政治对立加剧了既有的逊尼-什叶分裂。**锡克教在印度教与伊斯兰教互动的背景下形成。**三个案例,三种不同的机制——要点出机制。