Comparing Land-Based Empires · 比较陆权帝国
Compare methods, not empires
- Compare the methods by which various empires increased their influence from 1450 to 1750.
- The object of the comparison is methods — so the paragraph is organised by method, and empires appear inside each one.
- Two empires described in turn is the standard way to fail this objective.
比较方法,而不是比较帝国
- 比较 1450 至 1750 年间各帝国扩大其影响力所用的方法。
- 比较的对象是方法——因此段落按方法组织,而帝国出现在每种方法之内。
- 依次描述两个帝国,是应付这一目标最常见的失败方式。
The object of this comparison is... · 本次比较的对象是……
So the paragraph is organised by method, with empires appearing inside each one. · 因此段落按方法组织，帝国出现在每一段内部。
Four methods the unit has given you
- Military: gunpowder, cannon, armed trade, and professional forces.
- Administrative: recruited bureaucratic elites who owe the centre their position.
- Ideological: religion, art and monumental architecture. Fiscal: tribute, tax farming, innovative collection.
本单元已经给了你四种方法
- 军事:火药、火炮、武装贸易与职业化军队。
- 行政:被招募的官僚精英,其地位归功于中央。
- 意识形态:宗教、艺术与纪念性建筑。财政:贡赋、包税制、创新的征收方式。
Select all · 所有 four methods the unit has supplied. · 选中该单元提供的全部四种方法。
Each has appeared in 3.1, 3.2 or 3.3. · 每种方法均出现在3.1、3.2或3.3中。
Empires shaped and were shaped
- The CED's review sentence: empires achieved increased scope and influence around the world, shaping and being shaped by the diverse populations they incorporated.
- The second half is the one students drop: incorporation changed the empire too.
- Ottoman recruitment from Christian populations and Mughal accommodation of Hindu elites are both cases of being shaped.
帝国塑造他人,也被塑造
- CED 的复习句是:帝国在世界各地扩大了范围与影响,既塑造了它们所纳入的多样人群,也被这些人群所塑造。
- 后半句正是学生会丢掉的:纳入也改变了帝国本身。
- 奥斯曼从基督教人口中招募,以及莫卧儿对印度教精英的容纳,都是"被塑造"的例证。
Which method is this? · 这是什么方法？
Sort each imperial action into the unit's four methods. · 将每项帝国行动归入该单元的四种方法之一。
The CED says empires shaped the populations they incorporated and were shaped by them. · CED指出，帝国塑造了其吸纳的人口，同时也受其影响。
The second half is the one students drop. · 后半部分是学生容易遗漏的内容。
"Shaping and being shaped" is half the CED's sentence. Empires were changed by the populations they incorporated — Ottoman recruitment from Christian communities, Mughal accommodation of Hindu elites. An answer that describes only what empires did to people has used half of the review statement.
**"塑造并被塑造"是 CED 那句话的一半。**帝国被它们所纳入的人群改变了——奥斯曼从基督教社群中招募、莫卧儿对印度教精英的容纳。只描述帝国对人做了什么的答案,只用了这一复习句的一半。
Transoceanic interconnection belongs to unit , not to a land-empire comparison. · 跨洋联系属于单元，而非陆权帝国比较。
Land empires taxed populations; maritime empires taxed trade. · 陆权帝国向人口征税；海洋帝国向贸易征税。
Keep the maritime story separate
- The CED also reviews the interconnection of the Eastern and Western Hemispheres made possible by transoceanic voyaging.
- That belongs to unit 4, and mixing it into a land-empire comparison muddles both.
- Land empires expanded overland and taxed populations; maritime empires expanded along coasts and taxed trade.
把海上的故事分开
- CED 还复习了由跨洋航行所促成的东西两半球的互联。
- 那属于第四单元,把它混进陆上帝国的比较里,会把两者都搅乱。
- 陆上帝国经由陆路扩张、对人口征税;海上帝国沿海岸扩张、对贸易征税。
Put the methods-comparison routine in order. · 将方法-比较流程排序。
Organising by method is what makes the paragraph a comparison. · 按方法组织正是使该段落成为比较的关键。
A methods-comparison routine
- Choose two empires from different regions and two methods from the four.
- Write one paragraph per method, with both empires inside it.
- Close by naming which method mattered more for each, and why the difference existed.
方法比较流程
- 从不同地区各选一个帝国,并从四种方法中选两种。
- 每种方法写一段,两个帝国都写在这一段里。
- 以点出每个帝国更倚重哪种方法、以及为何存在这一差异作结。
Fiscal method paragraph: the Ottomans farmed taxes, selling collection rights for cash; the Ming collected in hard currency, pulling silver into the empire. Both raise revenue; one disperses local power and the other concentrates demand for a metal the state does not produce — and both consequences shaped the empires that chose them.
财政方法段落:奥斯曼实行包税,出售征收权换取现金;明代以硬通货征收,把白银吸入帝国。两者都在筹措收入;而一个分散了地方权力,另一个则集中了对一种本国并不生产之金属的需求——两种后果都反过来塑造了作出选择的那个帝国。
Compare the methods by which empires increased influence — organise by method, not by empire. The four: military, administrative, ideological, fiscal. Empires shaped and were shaped by the diverse populations they incorporated. Keep maritime expansion (unit 4) out of a land-empire comparison.
比较各帝国扩大影响力所用的方法——按方法组织,而不是按帝国。四种方法:军事、行政、意识形态、财政。**帝国塑造了它们所纳入的多样人群,也被这些人群塑造。**把海上扩张(第四单元)排除在陆上帝国的比较之外。