Legitimacy and Revenue · 合法性与财政收入
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| devshirme/ˈdevʃɜːm/ | 德夫希尔梅 | dé fū xī ěr méi |
| salaried samurai/ˈsælərid ˈsæmjʊəraɪ/ | 领俸武士 | lǐng fèng wǔ shì |
| divine right/dɪˈvaɪn raɪt/ | 君权神授 | jūn quán shén shòu |
| Tax farming/tæks ˈfɑːmɪŋ/ | 包税制 | bāo shuì zhì |
Rulers needed people they could replace
- Recruitment and use of bureaucratic elites, as well as the development of military professionals, became more common among rulers who wanted to maintain centralised control over their populations and resources.
- The CED's examples: the Ottoman devshirme 德夫希尔梅 and salaried samurai 领俸武士.
- Both create servants of the state whose position comes from the ruler, not from inherited land — the opposite of a feudal lord.
统治者需要可被替换的人
- 对官僚精英的招募与使用,以及职业军人的发展,在那些想要对人口与资源保持中央控制的统治者中日益普遍。
- CED 的例子:奥斯曼的德夫希尔梅(devshirme)与领俸武士(salaried samurai)。
- 两者都造就了国家的仆从,其地位来自统治者而非世袭土地——正与封建领主相反。
Select all · 所有 the CED's methods of maintaining centralised control. · 选择CED维持中央集权控制的所有方法。
Architecture legitimises; hereditary landholding is the opposite of centralised control. · 建筑确立合法性；世袭土地占有与中央集权控制背道而驰。
Legitimacy you can see
- Rulers continued to use religious ideas, art and monumental architecture to legitimise their rule.
- Religious ideas: Mexica human sacrifice, European divine right 君权神授, Songhai's promotion of Islam.
- Art and architecture: Qing imperial portraits, the Incan sun temple of Cuzco, Mughal mausolea and mosques, and European palaces such as Versailles.
看得见的正当性
- 统治者继续使用宗教观念、艺术与纪念性建筑来使其统治正当化。
- 宗教观念:墨西加的人祭、欧洲的君权神授(divine right)、桑海对伊斯兰教的推广。
- 艺术与建筑:清代帝王画像、库斯科的印加太阳神庙、莫卧儿的陵墓与清真寺,以及凡尔赛这类欧洲宫殿。
Tax farming means the state... · 包税制意味着国家……
The farmer keeps the surplus — and gains local power in the process. · 包税人保留盈余——并在此过程中获得地方权力。
Three ways to raise money
- Rulers used tribute collection, tax farming and innovative tax-collection systems to generate revenue in order to forward state power and expansion.
- Tax farming 包税制 sells the right to collect: the state gets money now, the farmer keeps the surplus.
- The CED's systems: Mughal zamindar collection, Ottoman tax farming, Mexica tribute lists, and the Ming practice of collecting taxes in hard currency.
三种筹钱的方式
- 统治者使用贡赋征收、包税制与创新的征税制度来筹措收入,以推进国家权力与扩张。
- 包税制(tax farming)出售征收权:国家立刻拿到钱,而包税人留下余额。
- CED 所列制度:莫卧儿的柴明达尔征收、奥斯曼包税制、墨西加贡赋清单,以及明代以硬通货征税的做法。
Legitimising, consolidating, or raising revenue? · 确立合法性、巩固权力还是增加收入？
Sort each method by the job it does. · 按其所承担的功能对每种方法进行排序。
Select all · 所有 the CED's tools of legitimation. · 选择CED用于确立合法性的所有工具。
Tax farming raises revenue; it does not argue for the ruler. · 包税制增加收入；但它并不论证统治者的正当性。
Legitimising and consolidating are different jobs. A mosque, a portrait and a doctrine of divine right answer why obey?; a devshirme corps, a salaried official and a tax-farming contract answer with what? An answer that treats architecture as administration has confused the two verbs in the objective.
**正当化与巩固是两项不同的工作。**一座清真寺、一幅画像、一套君权神授的学说,回答的是"为何服从?";一支德夫希尔梅部队、一位领俸官员、一份包税契约,回答的是"用什么?"把建筑当作行政的答案,混淆了这一目标中的两个动词。
The Ottoman ____ produced servants whose position came from the ruler, not from inherited land. · 奥斯曼____产生了地位来自统治者而非世袭土地的家臣。
The opposite of a feudal lord. · 封建领主的对立面。
Every method has a cost
- Tax farming raises cash quickly but hands local power to the collector.
- Salaried professionals are loyal but expensive, and the salary bill grows with the empire.
- Monumental architecture buys legitimacy but consumes exactly the revenue that the tax system worked to raise.
每种方法都有代价
- 包税制能迅速筹到现金,却把地方权力交给了征收者。
- 领俸的职业人员忠诚可靠,却代价高昂,而薪俸开支随帝国一同增长。
- 纪念性建筑买来正当性,却恰恰消耗掉税制辛苦筹来的那笔收入。
Match each method to its cost. · 将每种方法与其成本匹配。
Every method has a cost, and the exam rewards noticing it. · 每种方法都有代价，考试奖励注意到这一点。
Legitimise and consolidate are two verbs
- The objective says rulers used methods to legitimise and consolidate their power.
- Legitimise is about belief: why this ruler should be obeyed. Consolidate is about capacity: officials, soldiers, revenue.
- A strong answer names one method of each and shows how they paid for each other.
"正当化"与"巩固"是两个动词
- 这一目标说统治者使用各种方法来使其权力正当化并加以巩固。
- 正当化关乎信念:为什么应当服从这位统治者。巩固关乎能力:官员、士兵、收入。
- 有力的答案会各点出一种方法,并说明它们如何相互供养。
The Ottoman state recruits boys through the devshirme into a corps that owes everything to the sultan, funds them through tax farming, and builds mosques that state whose rule this is. Recruitment consolidates, architecture legitimises, and tax farming pays for both — one system, three jobs.
奥斯曼国家通过德夫希尔梅征召少年,编入一支一切都归功于苏丹的部队,用包税制为其筹资,并修建清真寺来宣示这是谁的统治。征召在巩固,建筑在正当化,而包税制为两者付账——一套体系,三项工作。
Rulers recruited bureaucratic elites and military professionals (devshirme, salaried samurai) to keep centralised control; used religious ideas, art and monumental architecture to legitimise rule; and used tribute, tax farming and innovative tax systems for revenue. Legitimise answers why obey; consolidate answers with what.
统治者招募官僚精英与职业军人(德夫希尔梅、领俸武士)以维持中央控制;使用宗教观念、艺术与纪念性建筑使统治正当化;并使用贡赋、包税制与创新税制筹措收入。正当化回答"为何服从";巩固回答"用什么"。