Empires Expand · 帝国扩张
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Armed trade/ɑːmd treɪd/ | 武装贸易 | wǔ zhuāng mào yì |
| Land empires included the Manchu/lænd ˈempaɪəz ɪnˈkluːdɪd ðə ˈmæntʃuː/ | 满洲 | mǎn zhōu |
| in Central and East Asia; the Mughal | 莫卧儿 | mò wò ér |
| in South and Central Asia; the Ottoman | 奥斯曼 | ào sī màn |
| in Southern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa; and the Safavids | 萨法维 | sà fǎ wéi |
One technology, both hemispheres
- Imperial expansion relied on the increased use of gunpowder, cannons and armed trade to establish large empires in both hemispheres.
- Both hemispheres is the CED's own phrase — this is a global claim, not a European one.
- Armed trade 武装贸易 belongs in the list too: a merchant fleet that can shoot is a form of expansion.
一种技术,两个半球
- 帝国的扩张依靠火药、火炮与武装贸易的增加使用,在两个半球建立起庞大的帝国。
- "两个半球"是 CED 自己的措辞——这是一个全球性的主张,不是欧洲性的。
- 武装贸易(armed trade)也在这份清单上:一支能开炮的商船队,本身就是一种扩张形式。
Select all · 所有 the means of imperial expansion the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的所有帝国扩张手段。
A merchant fleet that can shoot is itself a form of expansion. · 一支能开炮的商船队,本身就是一种扩张形式。
The four land empires to know
- Land empires included the Manchu 满洲 in Central and East Asia; the Mughal 莫卧儿 in South and Central Asia; the Ottoman 奥斯曼 in Southern Europe, the Middle East and North Africa; and the Safavids 萨法维 in the Middle East.
- All four are gunpowder empires, and all four expanded across regions rather than within one.
- The exam expects you to use at least two of them, not to recite all four.
需要掌握的四个陆上帝国
- 陆上帝国包括中亚与东亚的满洲(Manchu)、莫卧儿(Mughal)、奥斯曼(Ottoman),以及中东的萨法维(Safavids)。
- 四者都是火药帝国,而且都是跨地区扩张,而不是在单一地区内部扩张。
- 考试期待你使用其中至少两个,而不是把四个都背出来。
Select all · 所有 the CED's four land-based empires. · 选出 CED 的全部四个陆上帝国。
The Safavids complete the four; Songhai appears as a rivalry example. · 萨法维补全这四个;桑海是作为对立的例子出现的。
Empires collided with each other
- Political and religious disputes led to rivalries and conflict between states.
- The CED's examples: the Safavid–Mughal conflict, and the Songhai Empire's conflict with Morocco.
- Note the second: an African empire fought and lost to a gunpowder rival — the same technology, decisive in a different region.
帝国之间相互碰撞
- 政治与宗教争端导致了国家之间的对立与冲突。
- CED 的例子:萨法维-莫卧儿冲突,以及桑海帝国与摩洛哥的冲突。
- 注意第二项:一个非洲帝国与一个火药对手交战并战败——同样的技术,在另一个地区同样具有决定性。
Assemble the gunpowder-empire claim · 把火药帝国的论断拼出来
Military technology and political centralisation grew together, and the mechanism is what is marked. · 军事技术与政治集权同步生长,而得分点在于其机制。
The gunpowder-empire argument is mainly about Europe. · 火药帝国的论证主要关乎欧洲。
The CED says both hemispheres, and none of its four land empires is European. · CED 说的是两个半球,而它的四个陆上帝国没有一个是欧洲的。
Gunpowder empires are not a European story. The CED says expansion relied on gunpowder, cannons and armed trade in both hemispheres, and its four named land empires are Manchu, Mughal, Ottoman and Safavid — none of them European.
**火药帝国不是一个欧洲故事。**CED 说扩张依靠火药、火炮与武装贸易,在两个半球皆然,而它点名的四个陆上帝国是满洲、莫卧儿、奥斯曼与萨法维——没有一个是欧洲的。
Select all · 所有 the kinds of dispute the CED says led to rivalries. · 选出 CED 所说导致对立的所有争端类型。
Most rivalries ran on both at once — territorial and sectarian together. · 多数对立两者兼有——领土与教派同时作用。
Political and religious disputes are both named
- The CED puts political and religious in the same clause, and rivalries usually ran on both at once.
- Safavid–Mughal and Ottoman–Safavid rivalries were territorial and sectarian.
- So an answer that reduces a rivalry to one cause has narrowed what the CED deliberately kept wide.
政治与宗教争端都被点了名
- CED 把政治与宗教放在同一个分句里,而这些对立通常两者兼有。
- 萨法维-莫卧儿以及奥斯曼-萨法维的对立,既是领土性的也是教派性的。
- 因此把某一对立归结为单一原因的答案,收窄了 CED 有意保持宽阔的东西。
The Songhai–Morocco conflict is included in order to show that... · 桑海-摩洛哥冲突被收入,是为了说明……
A smaller force with firearms beat a larger one without. · 一支拥有火器的较小部队,击败了一支没有火器的较大部队。
How and why they expanded
- The objective asks how and why land-based empires developed and expanded.
- How: gunpowder, cannon, armed trade, and the professional forces those required.
- Why: revenue, security against rivals, and religious or dynastic claims — which is where 3.2 picks up.
它们如何以及为何扩张
- 这一目标要求说明陆上帝国如何以及为何发展并扩张。
- 如何:火药、火炮、武装贸易,以及这些所要求的职业化军队。
- 为何:收入、对抗对手的安全,以及宗教或王朝的主张——而 3.2 正是从这里接手的。
The Songhai Empire's defeat by Morocco is the CED's reminder that the same technology decided outcomes far from Eurasia's famous frontiers. A smaller force with firearms beat a larger one without — which is the whole argument of KC-4.3.II, stated in West Africa.
桑海帝国败于摩洛哥,是 CED 的一个提醒:同样的技术在远离欧亚著名边疆之处同样决定了结果。一支拥有火器的较小部队击败了一支没有火器的较大部队——这正是 KC-4.3.II 的全部论证,只是发生在西非。
Imperial expansion relied on gunpowder, cannons and armed trade in both hemispheres. The four land empires are Manchu, Mughal, Ottoman and Safavid. Political and religious disputes led to rivalries — Safavid–Mughal, Songhai–Morocco — and most rivalries ran on both causes at once.
帝国扩张在两个半球都依靠火药、火炮与武装贸易。四个陆上帝国是满洲、莫卧儿、奥斯曼与萨法维。政治与宗教争端导致对立——萨法维-莫卧儿、桑海-摩洛哥——而多数对立同时源于这两种原因。