Comparing the Networks · 比较这些网络
Three networks, one argument
- Explain the similarities and differences among the various networks of exchange in the period from c. 1200 to c. 1450.
- The CED's review sentence: a deepening and widening of networks of human interaction within and across regions contributed to cultural, technological and biological diffusion.
- Deepening and widening are two different claims — more traffic on old routes, and routes reaching further.
三张网络,一个论证
- 解释约 1200 至约 1450 年间各交换网络之间的异同。
- CED 的复习句是:区域内部与区域之间人类互动网络的加深与拓宽,促成了文化、技术与生物的传播。
- 加深与拓宽是两个不同的主张——旧路上运量更大,以及路线伸得更远。
Select all · 所有 the features shared by all three networks. · 选择三个网络共有的所有特征。
Only the Silk Roads had a single authority, and only for a time. · 只有丝绸之路曾有过单一权威，且仅限于一段时间。
What all three shared
- All three grew from improved technologies and commercial practices, not from new discoveries.
- All three promoted the growth of cities or states that sat on them and taxed them.
- All three carried religion, disease and crops as well as goods — the diffusion the review sentence names.
三者的共同之处
- 三者都源于技术与商业惯例的改进,而不是源于新的发现。
- 三者都促进了坐落其上并对其征税的城市或国家的成长。
- 三者都运送了宗教、疾病与作物,而不只是货物——正是复习句所点出的那种传播。
"Deepening" a network means... · 深化（Deepening）一个网络意味着……
Widening is the other claim — routes reaching further. · 拓宽（Widening）是另一种说法——路线延伸得更远。
Where they differed
- Environment: sand, sea and steppe demanded different technologies — camel saddle, compass and monsoon knowledge, caravanserai.
- Goods: the Sahara ran on a real complementarity (gold and salt); the Silk Roads ran largely on luxury demand.
- Political form: the Indian Ocean had no single power; the Silk Roads for a time had the Mongols.
它们的不同之处
- 环境:沙、海与草原要求不同的技术——驼鞍、指南针与季风知识、商队旅馆。
- 货物:撒哈拉靠的是真实的互补(黄金与盐);丝绸之路则主要靠奢侈品需求。
- 政治形态:印度洋没有单一强权;丝绸之路曾一度有蒙古人。
Similarity or difference — and on which axis? · 相似性或差异性——以及在哪个维度上？
Sort each observation about the three networks. · 对关于这三个网络的每个观察进行分类。
A comparison asks one ____ of two networks, rather than describing each in turn. · 比较要求针对两个网络提出一个____，而不是逐一描述它们。
Three axes, two networks, six sentences — and the essay is written. · 三个轴、两个网络、六个句子——论文就此完成。
"Deepening" and "widening" are two different claims. Deepening is more traffic and denser institutions on routes that already existed; widening is those routes reaching new regions and peoples. Evidence for one does not prove the other, and the CED's review sentence names both.
**"加深"与"拓宽"是两个不同的主张。**加深是既有路线上运量更大、制度更密;拓宽是这些路线伸向新的地区与人群。支持其一的证据并不能证明另一个,而 CED 的复习句把两者都点了出来。
Select all · 所有 the useful comparison axes this lesson gives. · 选择本课提供的所有有用的比较轴。
Merchant counts are not recoverable and not what the objective asks. · 商人数量无法复原，也不是目标所询问的内容。
Compare on a shared axis
- A comparison needs one question asked of two networks, not two descriptions in turn.
- Useful axes: what technology made it possible, what states it fed, what it carried besides goods.
- Three axes, two networks, six sentences — and the essay is written.
在同一条轴上比较
- 比较需要用同一个问题去问两张网络,而不是依次描述两遍。
- 好用的轴:什么技术使它成为可能、它养活了哪些国家、除货物外它还运送了什么。
- 三条轴、两张网络、六句话——文章就成了。
The difference that usually mattered most between the networks was... · 网络之间通常最重要的区别在于……
Sand, sea and steppe demanded different technologies. · 沙地、海洋和草原需要不同的技术。
A network-comparison routine
- State the shared cause in one sentence: improved technologies and commercial practices raised volume everywhere.
- Run three axes across two networks.
- Close by naming the difference that mattered most — usually the environment, because it decided the technology.
网络比较流程
- 用一句话说出共同的原因:技术与商业惯例的改进在各处都提高了运量。
- 用三条轴横跨两张网络。
- 以点出最要紧的那处差异作结——通常是环境,因为它决定了技术。
Shared cause: better practices raised volume on all three. Technology: bills of exchange, the compass, the camel saddle. States fed: Samarkand, Malacca, Mali. Carried besides goods: Buddhism, Islam, the plague. Three axes across three networks, and the differences fall out of the environments.
共同原因:更好的惯例在三张网络上都提高了运量。技术:汇票、指南针、驼鞍。所养活的国家:撒马尔罕、马六甲、马里。除货物外所运送的:佛教、伊斯兰教、瘟疫。三条轴横跨三张网络,而差异自然从各自的环境中显现。
A deepening and widening of networks of human interaction contributed to cultural, technological and biological diffusion. All three networks grew from improved technologies and practices, fed cities and states, and carried religion, disease and crops. They differed by environment, goods and political form — and environment decided the technology.
人类互动网络的加深与拓宽,促成了文化、技术与生物的传播。三张网络都源于技术与惯例的改进,都养活了城市与国家,都运送了宗教、疾病与作物。它们在环境、货物与政治形态上不同——而环境决定了技术。