Dar al-Islam After the Abbasids · 阿拔斯王朝后的伊斯兰世界
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| As the Abbasid Caliphate/æz ðɪ ˈæbeɪsɪd ˈkælɪfeɪt/ | 阿拔斯哈里发国 | ā bá sī hā lǐ fā guó |
| Islam subsequently expanded through the activities of merchants, missionaries and Sufis | 苏非派 | sū fēi pài |
| Dar al-Islam/dɑː æl ɪˈslɑːm/ | 伊斯兰世界 | yī sī lán shì jiè |
A caliphate fragments, and states multiply
- As the Abbasid Caliphate 阿拔斯哈里发国 fragmented, new Islamic political entities emerged, most of which were dominated by Turkic peoples.
- The CED names them: the Seljuk Empire, the Mamluk sultanate of Egypt, the Delhi sultanates.
- And it applies the unit's three words again: these states showed continuity, innovation and diversity.
哈里发国分裂,国家增多
- 阿拔斯哈里发国(Abbasid Caliphate)的分裂,新的伊斯兰政治实体出现,其中多数由突厥人主导。
- CED 点出了它们:塞尔柱帝国、埃及马穆鲁克苏丹国、德里苏丹国。
- 并再次套用本单元的三个词:这些国家展现出延续、创新与多样。
Select all · 所有 the new Islamic political entities the CED names. · 选择所有CED提及的新伊斯兰政治实体。
Most were dominated by Turkic peoples. · 大多数由突厥人主导。
Two different ways Islam spread
- Muslim rule continued to expand to many parts of Afro-Eurasia due to military expansion.
- Islam subsequently expanded through the activities of merchants, missionaries and Sufis 苏非派.
- Note the order in the CED's own sentence: rule first by conquest, the faith afterwards by contact — two processes, not one.
伊斯兰教传播的两种不同方式
- 穆斯林的统治因军事扩张而继续扩展到欧亚非的许多地区。
- 苏非派(Sufis)的活动而扩展。
- 注意 CED 自己那句话中的顺序:先由征服带来统治,随后由接触带来信仰——这是两个过程,不是一个。
According to the CED, Muslim rule · 规则 expanded primarily through... · 根据CED，穆斯林统治主要通过……而扩展。
The faith then spread subsequently through merchants, missionaries and Sufis. · 此后信仰通过商人、传教士和苏菲派进一步传播。
States funded thinking
- Muslim states and empires encouraged significant intellectual innovations and transfers.
- Innovations: mathematics (Nasir al-Din al-Tusi), literature ('A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah), medicine.
- Transfers: the House of Wisdom in Abbasid Baghdad, the preservation of and commentary on Greek philosophy, and scholarly exchange in Muslim and Christian Spain.
国家资助思想
- 穆斯林国家与帝国鼓励了重要的智识创新与传递。
- 创新:数学(纳西尔丁·图西)、文学('A'ishah al-Ba'uniyyah)、医学。
- 传递:阿拔斯巴格达的智慧宫、对希腊哲学的保存与注疏,以及穆斯林与基督教西班牙之间的学术交流。
Expansion, innovation, or transfer? · 扩张、创新，还是传播？
Sort each item by the CED's categories. · 根据CED的分类对每一项进行排序。
Match each figure or place to what it represents. · 将每个人物或地点与其代表的内容匹配。
Two categories, and the exam expects you to keep them apart. · 两个类别，考试要求你将它们区分开。
Dar al-Islam is not a state. The Abbasid Caliphate fragmented into separate Turkic-dominated entities — Seljuk, Mamluk, Delhi — while remaining one connected religious and commercial world. Political fragmentation and cultural connection are happening at the same time, and confusing the two loses the whole subtopic.
**伊斯兰世界不是一个国家。**阿拔斯哈里发国分裂为若干由突厥人主导的独立实体——塞尔柱、马穆鲁克、德里——同时仍然是一个相互连通的宗教与商业世界。政治分裂与文化连通同时发生,把两者混为一谈就丢掉了整个小节。
The House of Wisdom is an example of a ____ rather than an innovation. · 智慧宫是____的一个例子，而非创新。
An innovation is knowledge made; a transfer is knowledge moved. · 创新是创造知识，传播是移动知识。
Innovation and transfer are different claims
- An innovation is knowledge made; a transfer is knowledge moved.
- The House of Wisdom is a transfer institution: it translated and preserved what Greek philosophy had produced.
- Al-Tusi's mathematics is an innovation. An exam answer that calls both "preservation" has lost half the point.
创新与传递是不同的主张
- 创新是知识被创造;传递是知识被移动。
- 智慧宫是一个传递性的机构:它翻译并保存了希腊哲学的成果。
- 图西的数学是创新。把两者都称作"保存"的答案,已经丢掉了一半要点。
Dar al-Islam was a single unified state after the Abbasid fragmentation. · 阿拔斯王朝分裂后，伊斯兰世界是一个单一统一的国家。
It was a connected religious and commercial world spanning several sovereign states. · 它是一个跨越多个主权国家的相互关联的宗教和商业世界。
One belief world, many states
- Islam, Judaism and Christianity, and the core beliefs and practices of these religions, continued to shape societies in Africa and Asia.
- So Dar al-Islam 伊斯兰世界 names a connected religious and commercial world, not a single government.
- Political fragmentation and cultural connection happened at the same time — which is the point of this subtopic.
一个信仰世界,多个国家
- 伊斯兰教、犹太教与基督教及其核心信仰与实践,继续塑造着非洲与亚洲的社会。
- 因此"伊斯兰世界"(Dar al-Islam)指的是一个相互连通的宗教与商业世界,而不是单一的政权。
- 政治上的分裂与文化上的连通同时发生——这正是本小节的要点。
A merchant travelling from Cairo to Delhi in 1300 crosses several sovereign states and never leaves Dar al-Islam: the law he is judged under, the language of learning, and the letters of credit he carries all work the whole way. That is what a connected world without a single government looks like.
一位商人在 1300 年从开罗前往德里,途中跨越数个主权国家,却始终没有离开"伊斯兰世界":审判他所依据的法律、学术使用的语言,以及他携带的信用凭证,一路都通用。这就是"没有单一政权的连通世界"的样子。
As the Abbasid Caliphate fragmented, new Turkic-dominated states emerged — Seljuk, Mamluk, Delhi. Rule expanded by military expansion; the faith then spread through merchants, missionaries and Sufis. Muslim states encouraged both innovations (knowledge made) and transfers (knowledge moved).
随着阿拔斯哈里发国的分裂,新的突厥人主导的国家出现——塞尔柱、马穆鲁克、德里。统治通过军事扩张扩展;信仰随后通过商人、传教者与苏非派传播。穆斯林国家既鼓励创新(知识被创造),也鼓励传递(知识被移动)。