South and Southeast Asia · 南亚与东南亚
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Bhakti movement/ˈbʌkti ˈmuːvmənt/ | 巴克提运动 | bā kè tí yùn dòng |
| Sufism/ˈsjuːfɪzəm/ | 苏非主义 | sū fēi zhǔ yì |
| Buddhist monasticism/ˈbʊdɪst məˈnæstɪsɪzəm/ | 佛教僧团制 | fó jiào sēng tuán zhì |
Three faiths, one region
- Hinduism, Islam and Buddhism, and their core beliefs and practices, continued to shape societies in South and Southeast Asia.
- The CED lists three practices to know: the Bhakti movement 巴克提运动, Sufism 苏非主义, and Buddhist monasticism 佛教僧团制.
- All three are devotional or communal — they change how ordinary people live, not only what rulers believe.
三种信仰,一个地区
- 印度教、伊斯兰教与佛教及其核心信仰与实践,继续塑造着南亚与东南亚的社会。
- CED 列出三项需要掌握的实践:巴克提运动(Bhakti movement)、苏非主义(Sufism)与佛教僧团制(Buddhist monasticism)。
- 三者都是虔信性或群体性的——它们改变的是普通人如何生活,而不只是统治者相信什么。
Select all · 所有 the belief practices the CED names for this region. · 选出 CED 为该地区点名的所有信仰实践。
The exam system belongs to East Asia, subtopic 1.1. · 科举属于东亚,即第 1.1 小节。
Devotion that bypasses hierarchy
- The Bhakti movement offered direct personal devotion to a deity, without priestly mediation.
- Sufism offered a direct experiential path within Islam, and its teachers travelled well.
- Both spread across social boundaries — which is exactly why they matter for a society question rather than a state question.
绕过等级的虔信
- 巴克提运动提供的是对神明的直接个人虔信,无需祭司居间。
- 苏非主义在伊斯兰教内部提供了一条直接体验的道路,而它的导师们善于远行。
- 两者都跨越社会界限传播——这正是它们对"社会"类题目而非"国家"类题目重要的原因。
The Bhakti movement offered direct personal devotion without ____ mediation. · 巴克提运动提供的是无需 ____ 居间的直接个人虔信。
Which is why it crossed social boundaries. · 这正是它跨越社会界限的原因。
New Hindu and Buddhist states
- State formation and development demonstrated continuity, innovation and diversity, including the new Hindu and Buddhist states that emerged in South and Southeast Asia.
- The CED's list: Vijayanagara, Srivijaya, the Rajput kingdoms, the Khmer Empire, Majapahit, Sukhothai, and the Sinhala dynasties.
- Seven names, and the exam never asks you to recall all seven — it asks what such states had in common.
新的印度教与佛教国家
- 建国与国家发展展现出延续、创新与多样,包括在南亚与东南亚出现的新的印度教与佛教国家。
- CED 的清单:毗奢耶那伽罗、室利佛逝、拉杰普特诸王国、高棉帝国、满者伯夷、素可泰,以及僧伽罗诸王朝。
- 七个名字,而考试从不要求你全都记住——它问的是这类国家有什么共同点。
Follow a belief system along a trade route · 沿着贸易路线追一套信仰体系
Conversion that follows a merchant leaves different evidence from conversion that follows an army. · 随商人而来的皈依,与随军队而来的皈依,留下的证据不同。
Srivijaya's power came mainly from... · 室利佛逝的权力主要来自……
Revenue from a place rather than from land. · 收入来自某个位置,而不是来自土地。
The seven state names are illustrative examples, not a memorisation list. The CED asks you to explain how and why states of the region developed and maintained power. One state you can explain in detail beats seven you can only name.
那七个国名是举例,不是背诵清单。CED 要求你解释这一地区的国家如何以及为何发展并维持权力。一个你能详细解释的国家,胜过七个你只叫得出名字的。
You must memorise all seven states the CED lists. · 你必须记住 CED 列出的全部七个国家。
They are illustrative examples; one state you can explain beats seven you can name. · 它们是举例;一个你能解释的国家,胜过七个你叫得出名字的。
Sea states and land states
- Srivijaya and Majapahit controlled straits and taxed the ships passing through them.
- The Khmer Empire and Vijayanagara built on agriculture, irrigation and inland tribute.
- That difference — revenue from trade versus revenue from land — explains most of what else differed between them.
海上国家与陆上国家
- 室利佛逝与满者伯夷控制海峡,并对经过的船只征税。
- 高棉帝国与毗奢耶那伽罗则建立在农业、灌溉与内陆贡赋之上。
- 这一差别——收入来自贸易还是来自土地——解释了它们之间其余的大部分差异。
Match each state to its revenue base. · 把每个国家与其收入基础配对。
Revenue base explains most of what else differed between them. · 收入基础解释了它们之间其余的大部分差异。
Using this in an answer
- A South/Southeast Asia answer usually needs one state and one belief practice, connected.
- Srivijaya's straits gave it merchants; merchants carried Islam and Buddhism along the same routes.
- Connecting the two is worth more than listing four kingdoms you can name.
在答题中使用这些
- 一道关于南亚/东南亚的答案,通常需要一个国家加一项信仰实践,并把两者连起来。
- 室利佛逝的海峡为它带来了商人;而商人沿着同样的航路带来了伊斯兰教与佛教。
- 把两者连起来,比罗列四个你叫得出名字的王国更有价值。
Srivijaya taxed ships passing through the Straits of Malacca. That revenue paid for a fleet, the fleet protected the route, and the protected route attracted more ships — a state whose power came from a place rather than from land. The Khmer Empire's power came from water too, but from irrigating rice, not from taxing sailors.
室利佛逝对经过马六甲海峡的船只征税。这笔收入供养了一支船队,船队保护了这条航路,而受保护的航路又吸引了更多船只——这是一个权力来自某个位置而非来自土地的国家。高棉帝国的权力同样来自水,但来自灌溉稻田,而不是来自向水手征税。
Hinduism, Islam and Buddhism continued to shape societies, through practices including the Bhakti movement, Sufism and Buddhist monasticism. New Hindu and Buddhist states emerged — Vijayanagara, Srivijaya, Rajput, Khmer, Majapahit, Sukhothai, Sinhala — showing continuity, innovation and diversity.
印度教、伊斯兰教与佛教继续塑造社会,其实践包括巴克提运动、苏非主义与佛教僧团制。新的印度教与佛教国家出现——毗奢耶那伽罗、室利佛逝、拉杰普特、高棉、满者伯夷、素可泰、僧伽罗——展现出延续、创新与多样。