The Digital Economy · 数字经济
Productivity and participation
- Economic productivity increased as improvements in digital communications enabled increased American participation in worldwide economic opportunities.
- Two effects from one cause: productivity at home and participation in a worldwide market.
- 6.6's businesses looking outside U.S. borders is the earlier stage; digital communication removes the distance cost.
生产率与参与
- 随着数字通讯的改进使美国更多地参与全球经济机会,经济生产率有所提高。
- 一个原因产生两项效果:国内的生产率与在全球市场中的参与。
- 6.6 中企业向美国国界之外张望是更早的阶段;数字通讯移除了距离的成本。
Select all · 所有 three effects of the new technologies. · 选出这些新技术的全部三项效果。
The third is a change in how people relate. · 第三项是人们相互关系方式上的变化。
Three technologies, three effects
- Technological innovations in computing, digital mobile technology, and the internet transformed daily life, increased access to information, and led to new social behaviours and networks.
- Three technologies and three effects, and the third — new social behaviours and networks — is a change in how people relate, not only in what they can do.
- 7.7's radio and cinema spread a national culture; this goes further, changing the direction of communication as well as its reach.
三种技术,三项效果
- 计算、数字移动技术与互联网上的技术创新改变了日常生活、增加了信息的可及性,并带来了新的社会行为与网络。
- 三种技术与三项效果,而第三项——新的社会行为与网络——是人们相互关系方式上的变化,不只是他们能做什么的变化。
- 7.7 的广播与电影传播了一种民族文化;这里走得更远,既改变了传播的范围,也改变了它的方向。
Select all · 所有 three labour-market facts in the CED's short sentence. · 选出 CED 那句短句中的全部三项劳动力市场事实。
The CED does not assert a cause among them. · CED 并未在它们之间断言因果。
Employment moved, and unions shrank
- Employment increased in service sectors and decreased in manufacturing, and union membership declined.
- Three facts in one short sentence, and the CED places the union decline beside the sectoral shift without asserting a cause.
- 6.7's unions had organised in manufacturing; a workforce that moves out of manufacturing changes what a union can organise.
就业转移,而工会萎缩
- 服务部门的就业增加,制造业的就业减少,而工会会员人数下降。
- 一句短句里有三项事实,而 CED 把工会的衰落与部门的转移并列,却不断言因果。
- 6.7 的工会曾在制造业中组织起来;一支离开制造业的劳动力,改变了工会可以组织什么。
Follow the forces behind rising inequality · 追踪不平等上升背后的力量
Globalization, deindustrialization and technological change overlap, so the argument is about weight. · 全球化、去工业化与技术变革相互重叠,因此争论的是各自的分量。
Compared with 6.7, the difference in 9.4 is that real wages... · 与 6.7 相比,9.4 的差别在于实际工资……
The double fact has become a single one. · 那项双重事实变成了单一事实。
The Gilded Age's double fact has become a single one. 6.7 recorded real wages increased... while the gap between rich and poor grew; 9.4 records that real wages stagnated for the working and middle class amid growing economic inequality — the comparison is the strongest point available here.
镀金时代的那项双重事实变成了单一事实。6.7 记录的是实际工资上升……而贫富之间的差距同时扩大;9.4 记录的是在经济不平等加剧的背景下,工人阶级与中产阶级的实际工资陷入停滞——这一比较是这里可用的最有力的论点。
Digital communications enabled increased American participation in... · 数字通讯使美国更多地参与……
6.6's businesses looking outside U.S. borders is the earlier stage. · 6.6 中企业向美国国界之外张望是更早的阶段。
And wages stagnated
- Real wages stagnated for the working and middle class amid growing economic inequality.
- 6.7 had recorded rising real wages while the gap between rich and poor grew; here the wages stop rising and the gap keeps growing.
- So the double fact of the Gilded Age has become a single one, and stating the comparison is the strongest analytical move available.
而工资停滞
- 在经济不平等加剧的背景下,工人阶级与中产阶级的实际工资陷入停滞。
- 6.7 曾记录实际工资上升,而贫富之间的差距同时扩大;在这里,工资停止上升,而差距继续扩大。
- 因此镀金时代的那项双重事实变成了单一事实,而说出这一比较,是可用的最有力的分析动作。
A workforce that moves out of manufacturing changes what a ____ can organise. · 一支离开制造业的劳动力,改变了 ____ 可以组织什么。
6.7's unions had organised in manufacturing. · 6.7 的工会曾在制造业中组织起来。
Causes and effects over time
- The objective is the causes and effects of economic and technological change over time.
- Causes: digital communications, computing, mobile technology and the internet.
- Effects: higher productivity, worldwide participation, transformed daily life, a service economy, declining unions, and stagnant real wages.
随时间的成因与效果
- 这一目标是经济与技术变化随时间的成因与效果。
- 成因:数字通讯、计算、移动技术与互联网。
- 效果:更高的生产率、全球范围的参与、被改变的日常生活、一个服务型经济、衰落的工会,以及停滞的实际工资。
Two periods can both show rising inequality and mean different things: in one, everyone gains and some gain far more; in the other, most gain nothing while some still gain. The measure looks similar and the experience does not.
两个时期都可以显示不平等在上升,而含义不同:在一个时期,人人都有所得,只是有些人得到的远远更多;在另一个时期,大多数人一无所得,而仍有一些人有所得。指标看起来相似,而体验并不相同。
Economic productivity increased as improvements in digital communications enabled increased American participation in worldwide economic opportunities. Technological innovations in computing, digital mobile technology, and the internet transformed daily life, increased access to information, and led to new social behaviours and networks. Employment increased in service sectors and decreased in manufacturing, and union membership declined. Real wages stagnated for the working and middle class amid growing economic inequality.
随着数字通讯的改进使美国更多地参与全球经济机会,经济生产率有所提高。 计算、数字移动技术与互联网上的技术创新改变了日常生活、增加了信息的可及性,并带来了新的社会行为与网络。 服务部门的就业增加,制造业的就业减少,而工会会员人数下降。 在经济不平等加剧的背景下,工人阶级与中产阶级的实际工资陷入停滞。