The Cold War Ends · 冷战结束
Four ways of asserting opposition
- Reagan asserted U.S. opposition to communism through speeches, diplomatic efforts, limited military interventions, and a buildup of nuclear and conventional weapons.
- Four instruments, and speeches is listed first — rhetoric is treated as a tool of policy, not decoration.
- Limited military interventions keeps the scale accurate: this is not Korea or Vietnam.
表明反对的四种方式
- 里根通过演讲、外交努力、有限的军事干预,以及核武器与常规武器的扩充,表明了美国对共产主义的反对。
- 四种手段,而演讲被列在第一位——修辞被当作政策的一种工具,不是装饰。
- 有限的军事干预保持了尺度的准确:这不是朝鲜或越南。
Select all · 所有 four instruments the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的全部四种手段。
Speeches first — rhetoric as a tool of policy. · 演讲排在第一——修辞是政策的一种工具。
Three causes of the end, two of them foreign
- Increased U.S. military spending, Reagan's diplomatic initiatives, and political changes and economic problems in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union were all important in ending the Cold War.
- All important distributes the credit, and political changes and economic problems in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union are not American actions.
- So an answer crediting only American policy contradicts a sentence that names three causes and gives two of them to the other side.
终结的三项成因,其中两项在外部
- 美国军费开支的增加、里根的外交倡议,以及东欧与苏联的政治变化与经济问题,对冷战的结束都很重要。
- 都很重要分散了功劳,而东欧与苏联的政治变化与经济问题并不是美国的行动。
- 因此只把功劳归于美国政策的答案,与一句点出三项成因、并把其中两项归于另一方的话相矛盾。
Select all · 所有 three causes of the Cold War's end. · 选出冷战结束的全部三项成因。
'All important' distributes the credit. · "都很重要"分散了功劳。
What the end produced
- The end of the Cold War led to new diplomatic relationships but also new U.S. military and peacekeeping interventions, as well as continued debates over the appropriate use of American power in the world.
- But also — the end of a rivalry did not reduce American military involvement, and the CED says so directly.
- Continued debates connects to 7.1's promise of renewed domestic debates over the nation's proper role.
这一结束产生了什么
- 冷战的结束带来了新的外交关系,但同时也带来了新的美国军事与维和干预,以及关于美国力量在世界上适当使用方式的持续辩论。
- 但同时也——一场对抗的结束并没有减少美国的军事介入,而 CED 直接这样说了。
- 持续的辩论与 7.1 关于关于这个国家应有角色的、被重新激起的国内辩论的许诺相连。
Follow the Cold War to its end · 追踪冷战走到终点
The end has several pressures acting together rather than one decisive cause. · 冷战的结束是若干压力共同作用,而不是某一个决定性原因。
The end of the Cold War led to new diplomatic relationships but also... · 冷战的结束带来了新的外交关系,但同时也……
The end of a rivalry did not reduce military involvement. · 一场对抗的结束并没有减少军事介入。
Two of the CED's three causes are not American actions. Increased U.S. military spending, Reagan's diplomatic initiatives, and political changes and economic problems in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union were all important — an answer crediting only American policy contradicts the sentence.
CED 三项成因中有两项不是美国的行动。 美国军费开支的增加、里根的外交倡议,以及东欧与苏联的政治变化与经济问题,都很重要——只把功劳归于美国政策的答案,与这句话相矛盾。
The debate reopened because containment's criterion... · 这场辩论之所以重新打开,是因为遏制的那条标准……
Each intervention now has to be justified on its own. · 如今每一次干预都必须自行提供理由。
Why the debate had to reopen
- 8.2's containment supplied a criterion: an action was justified if it limited Communist power or built the security system.
- With the rival gone, that criterion no longer decides anything, and each intervention has to be justified on its own.
- So the continued debates are not indecision; they are what happens when an organising principle expires.
这场辩论为何必须重新打开
- 8.2 的遏制提供了一条标准:如果一项行动限制了共产主义力量或建造了那个安全体系,它就是正当的。
- 对手消失之后,那条标准不再能决定任何事情,而每一次干预都必须自行提供理由。
- 因此那些持续的辩论不是犹豫不决;它们是当一个组织原则失效时所发生的事。
The continued debates are what happens when an organising ____ expires. · 这些持续的辩论,是当一个组织 ____ 失效时所发生的事。
Not indecision. · 而不是犹豫不决。
Causes, effects, legacy
- The objective is the causes and effects of the end of the Cold War and its legacy.
- Causes: American spending and diplomacy, plus political change and economic problems in the Soviet bloc.
- Effects and legacy: new diplomatic relationships, new interventions, and a permanent argument about how to use American power.
成因、效果、遗产
- 这一目标是冷战结束的成因与效果及其遗产。
- 成因:美国的开支与外交,加上苏联阵营的政治变化与经济问题。
- 效果与遗产:新的外交关系、新的干预,以及一场关于如何使用美国力量的长期争论。
When a long contest ends, the winner's actions and the loser's difficulties are both part of the explanation. Choosing only one is a preference about who deserves credit, not a finding about what happened.
当一场漫长的角逐结束时,胜者的行动与败者的困难都是解释的一部分。只选其中之一,是关于谁值得被记功的一种偏好,而不是关于发生了什么的一项判断。
Reagan asserted U.S. opposition to communism through speeches, diplomatic efforts, limited military interventions, and a buildup of nuclear and conventional weapons. Increased U.S. military spending, Reagan's diplomatic initiatives, and political changes and economic problems in Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union were all important in ending the Cold War. The end of the Cold War led to new diplomatic relationships but also new U.S. military and peacekeeping interventions, as well as continued debates over the appropriate use of American power in the world.
里根通过演讲、外交努力、有限的军事干预,以及核武器与常规武器的扩充,表明了美国对共产主义的反对。 美国军费开支的增加、里根的外交倡议,以及东欧与苏联的政治变化与经济问题,对冷战的结束都很重要。 冷战的结束带来了新的外交关系,但同时也带来了新的美国军事与维和干预,以及关于美国力量在世界上适当使用方式的持续辩论。