The Federal Role After 1980 · 1980年后的联邦角色
A milestone and two policies
- Ronald Reagan's victory in the presidential election of 1980 represented an important milestone, allowing conservatives to enact significant tax cuts and continue the deregulation of many industries.
- Continue the deregulation — the CED says deregulation was already under way, so 1980 accelerated rather than started it.
- A milestone marks a point in a longer process, which matches 9.1's newly ascendant rather than newly born.
一个里程碑与两项政策
- 罗纳德·里根在 1980 年总统选举中的胜利是一个重要的里程碑,它使保守派得以实施大幅减税并继续对许多行业的放松管制。
- 继续……放松管制——CED 说放松管制早已在进行,因此 1980 年是加速了它,而不是开启了它。
- 一个里程碑标记的是一段更长过程中的一个点,这与 9.1 的新近崛起而非新生相吻合。
Select both · 两者 policies the 1980 victory allowed. · 选择1980年胜利所允许的两项政策。
'Continue' means deregulation was already under way. · “持续”意味着放松管制早已开始。
The argument, and its obstacle
- Conservatives argued that liberal programmes were counterproductive in fighting poverty and stimulating economic growth.
- Some of their efforts to reduce the size and scope of government met with inertia and liberal opposition, as many programmes remained popular with voters.
- Remained popular with voters is the decisive detail: the obstacle was democratic, not merely institutional.
那项论证,以及它的障碍
- 保守派主张自由派项目在对抗贫困与刺激经济增长方面适得其反。
- 他们缩小政府规模与范围的一些努力遇到了惯性与自由派的反对,因为许多项目在选民中仍然受欢迎。
- 在选民中仍然受欢迎是那个决定性的细节:这个障碍是民主性的,而不只是制度性的。
The obstacle to shrinking government was that programmes... · 缩小政府规模的障碍在于，这些项目……
A democratic obstacle, not merely an institutional one. · 一个民主障碍，而不仅仅是一个制度障碍。
Debates that continued
- Policy debates continued over free-trade agreements, the scope of the government social safety net, and calls to reform the U.S. financial system.
- Three subjects, and the scope of the... social safety net is 8.9's Great Society still being argued about.
- Conservative beliefs regarding the need for traditional social values and a reduced role for government advanced in U.S. politics after 1980.
持续下去的辩论
- 围绕自由贸易协定、政府社会安全网的范围,以及改革美国金融体系的呼声,政策辩论持续进行。
- 三个主题,而社会安全网的……范围正是 8.9 的"伟大社会"仍在被争论。
- 关于传统社会价值观之必要与政府作用之缩减的保守主义信念,在 1980 年之后的美国政治中有所推进。
A policy enacted, an obstacle, or a continuing debate? · 一项实施的政策、一个障碍还是一个持续的争论？
Sort each element of the federal-role argument after 1980. · 对1980年后联邦角色论点的每个要素进行排序。
Select all · 所有 three policy debates the CED names. · 选择CED指出的全部三项政策辩论。
The safety net is 8.9's Great Society still argued about. · 社会保障网仍是8.9中大社会计划争议的焦点。
The obstacle to reducing government was democratic, not merely institutional. Efforts met with inertia and liberal opposition, as many programmes remained popular with voters — a programme people vote to keep is hard to cut whichever party holds office.
缩小政府规模的障碍是民主性的,而不只是制度性的。这些努力遇到了惯性与自由派的反对,因为许多项目在选民中仍然受欢迎——一个人们投票要保留的项目,无论哪个政党执政都难以削减。
Select all · 所有 four cultural debates the CED names. · 选择CED指出的全部四项文化辩论。
All four were already contested in 8.11 through 8.14. · 这四项都在8.11至8.14中已受到争议。
And cultural debates continued too
- Intense political and cultural debates continued over issues such as immigration policy, diversity, gender roles, and family structures.
- Four subjects, and all four were already contested in 8.11 through 8.14 — the CED's word is continued.
- So this subtopic's whole shape is continuation: the same arguments, with a different balance of power.
而文化辩论也在继续
- 围绕移民政策、多样性、性别角色与家庭结构等议题,激烈的政治与文化辩论持续进行。
- 四个主题,而这四个在 8.11 至 8.14 中就已被争夺——CED 的用词是持续。
- 因此本小节的整体形状是延续:同样的争论,只是力量对比不同。
This subtopic's shape is : the same arguments, a different balance of power. · 该子主题的形态是：相同的论点，但权力平衡不同。
The CED's own word is 'continued'. · CED自己的用词是“持续”。
Causes and effects, over time
- The objective is the causes and effects of continuing policy debates about the role of the federal government over time.
- Causes: a boundary the Constitution never fixed (3.9), and programmes that are both criticised and popular.
- Effects: tax cuts, continued deregulation, advanced conservative beliefs — and debates that continued rather than concluded.
随时间的成因与效果
- 这一目标是关于联邦政府作用的持续政策辩论随时间的成因与效果。
- 成因:一条宪法从未确定的界限(3.9),以及既被批评又受欢迎的那些项目。
- 效果:减税、持续的放松管制、被推进的保守主义信念——以及持续而非终结的辩论。
A party can win an election on a promise to cut spending and then discover that every line it proposes to cut has a constituency that also voted for it. The mandate and the obstacle came from the same voters.
一个政党可以凭削减开支的承诺赢得选举,然后发现它提议削减的每一项开支背后,都有一群同样投了它票的选民。授权与障碍来自同一批选民。
Ronald Reagan's victory in the presidential election of 1980 represented an important milestone, allowing conservatives to enact significant tax cuts and continue the deregulation of many industries. Conservatives argued that liberal programmes were counterproductive, but efforts to shrink government met with inertia and liberal opposition, as many programmes remained popular with voters. Debates continued over free-trade agreements, the scope of the government social safety net, and calls to reform the U.S. financial system, and intense political and cultural debates continued over... immigration policy, diversity, gender roles, and family structures.
罗纳德·里根在 1980 年总统选举中的胜利是一个重要的里程碑,它使保守派得以实施大幅减税并继续对许多行业的放松管制。 保守派主张自由派项目适得其反,但缩小政府的努力遇到了惯性与自由派的反对,因为许多项目在选民中仍然受欢迎。辩论围绕自由贸易协定、政府社会安全网的范围,以及改革美国金融体系的呼声持续进行,而围绕……移民政策、多样性、性别角色与家庭结构的激烈政治与文化辩论也在持续。