Conservatism, Change, Redefinition · 保守主义、变革与重新定义
Three claims for the present
- A newly ascendant conservative movement achieved several political and policy goals during the 1980s and continued to strongly influence public discourse in the following decades.
- Moving into the 21st century, the nation experienced significant technological, economic, and demographic changes.
- The end of the Cold War and new challenges to U.S. leadership forced the nation to redefine its foreign policy and role in the world.
关乎当下的三项主张
- 一场新近崛起的保守主义运动在 1980 年代实现了若干政治与政策目标,并在此后数十年中继续强烈影响公共话语。
- 进入 21 世纪,这个国家经历了重大的技术、经济与人口变化。
- 冷战的结束以及对美国领导地位的新挑战,迫使这个国家重新定义其外交政策与在世界上的角色。
'Newly ascendant' differs from 'new' because 8.14 dated the movement to... · “新崛起”不同于“新”，因为8.14将该运动的时间定为……
A twenty-year run-up. · 二十年的酝酿期。
'Newly ascendant' but not new
- 8.14 dated the conservative challenge to the 1960s, so 9.1's movement is ascendant, not newborn.
- Achieved several political and policy goals in the 1980s is the change; continued to strongly influence public discourse is the continuity.
- So the CED gives the movement a twenty-year run-up and a multi-decade afterlife in one sentence.
"新近崛起"但并不新
- 8.14 把保守派的挑战定在1960 年代,因此 9.1 的这场运动是崛起,而不是新生。
- 在 1980 年代实现了若干政治与政策目标是那项变化;继续强烈影响公共话语是那项延续。
- 因此 CED 在一句话里给了这场运动二十年的助跑与数十年的来世。
Select all · 所有 three kinds of change the second claim names. · 选择第二项主张提到的全部三种变革类型。
They interact: technology changed which jobs existed and where people lived. · 它们相互作用：技术改变了就业的存在形式以及人们居住的地方。
Three kinds of change at once
- Technological, economic, and demographic — 9.4 supplies the first two and 9.5 the third.
- The CED lists them together because they interact: digital technology changed which jobs existed and where people lived.
- Significant is a strong word for the CED, and it licenses treating this as a genuine transformation.
同时发生的三类变化
- 技术的、经济的与人口的——9.4 提供了前两项,9.5 提供了第三项。
- CED 把它们并列,是因为它们相互作用:数字技术改变了哪些工作存在,以及人们住在哪里。
- 重大的对 CED 而言是一个强词,而它允许把这当作一次真正的转型来处理。
Which of unit 9's threads? · 这是第9单元的哪条线索？
Sort each statement into its thread. · 将每个陈述归类到其所属线索。
'Forced the nation to redefine' removes... · “迫使国家重新定义”去除了……
The organising principle went with the rival. · 组织原则随对手而去。
"Newly ascendant" is not the same as new. 8.14 dated the conservative challenge to the 1960s — so the 1980s are when a twenty-year-old movement achieved several political and policy goals, and it then continued to strongly influence public discourse in the following decades.
"新近崛起"与"新的"不是一回事。8.14 把保守派的挑战定在1960 年代——因此 1980 年代是一场已有二十年历史的运动实现若干政治与政策目标之时,而它随后在此后数十年中继续强烈影响公共话语。
Select all · 所有 three conditions of this context. · 选择该背景下的全部三项条件。
Each was produced by unit 8. · 每一项都由第8单元产生。
Redefinition was forced, not chosen
- Forced the nation to redefine its foreign policy and role in the world — the verb removes the element of choice.
- 8.2's four Cold War aims had organised policy for forty years; when the rival disappeared, the organising principle went with it.
- 7.1's thread had promised renewed domestic debates over the nation's proper role, and 9.3 delivers the latest round.
重新定义是被迫的,不是选择的
- 迫使这个国家重新定义其外交政策与在世界上的角色——这个动词取消了选择的成分。
- 8.2 的四个冷战目标曾组织了四十年的政策;当对手消失时,那个组织原则也随之而去。
- 7.1 的那条线索曾许诺关于这个国家应有角色的、被重新激起的国内辩论,而 9.3 交付了最新的一轮。
The movement's continuity is that it continued to strongly influence public . · 该运动的连续性在于它继续强烈影响公共。
In the decades following the 1980s. · 在1980年代之后的几十年里。
Writing the context
- The objective is the context in which the United States faced international and domestic challenges after 1980.
- Conditions: a conservative movement two decades in the making, declining confidence in government from 8.14, and a Cold War about to end.
- Each was produced by unit 8, which makes this context a continuation rather than a break.
书写语境
- 这一目标是1980 年之后美国面对国际与国内挑战的语境。
- 条件:一场酝酿了二十年的保守主义运动、8.14 中对政府信心的下降,以及一场即将结束的冷战。
- 每一项都是第八单元所产生的,这使这一语境成为一种延续,而不是一次断裂。
A movement that wins an election after twenty years of organising has not appeared; it has arrived. Dating it from the victory hides the two decades that made the victory possible.
一场在组织了二十年之后赢得一次选举的运动,并不是出现了;它是抵达了。从那次胜利开始为它定年,会掩盖使那次胜利成为可能的那二十年。
Unit 9 opens three claims: a newly ascendant conservative movement achieved several political and policy goals during the 1980s and continued to strongly influence public discourse in the following decades; moving into the 21st century, the nation experienced significant technological, economic, and demographic changes; and the end of the Cold War and new challenges to U.S. leadership forced the nation to redefine its foreign policy and role in the world.
第九单元开启三项主张:一场新近崛起的保守主义运动在 1980 年代实现了若干政治与政策目标,并在此后数十年中继续强烈影响公共话语;进入 21 世纪,这个国家经历了重大的技术、经济与人口变化;以及冷战的结束以及对美国领导地位的新挑战,迫使这个国家重新定义其外交政策与在世界上的角色。