National Identity by 1980 · 到1980年的国家认同
The three threads, measured
- The United States responded to an uncertain and unstable postwar world by asserting and working to maintain a position of global leadership, with far-reaching domestic and international consequences.
- New movements for civil rights and liberal efforts to expand the role of government generated a range of political and cultural responses.
- Postwar economic and demographic changes had far-reaching consequences for American society, politics, and culture.
被测量的三条线索
- 美国以主张并努力维持全球领导地位来回应一个不确定且不稳定的战后世界,这带来了深远的国内与国际后果。
- 新的民权运动以及扩大政府作用的自由派努力,引发了一系列政治与文化上的回应。
- 战后的经济与人口变化,对美国社会、政治与文化产生了深远的后果。
Identity was reshaped most in... · 身份认同在……中被重塑得最显著
Five movements and three branches of federal action. · 五个运动和联邦行动的三个分支。
Leadership, argued over throughout
- Containment held from 8.2 to 8.8 with four aims and bipartisan support, and it produced Korea, Vietnam and the arms debate.
- Change: Vietnam ended the near-absence of domestic opposition, and executive power became a constitutional question.
- Continuity: the country stayed in the alliances and institutions it built, unlike 7.5's refusal in 1919.
始终被争论的领导地位
- 遏制从 8.2 到 8.8 一直成立,拥有四个目标与两党支持,并产生了朝鲜、越南与那场军备辩论。
- 变化:越南终结了国内反对几乎不存在的局面,而行政权力成为一个宪制问题。
- 延续:这个国家留在了它所建造的同盟与机构之中,不同于 7.5 中 1919 年的拒绝。
Select all · 所有 the continuities this lesson names. · 选择本课提到的所有连续性。
The Cold War does not end in this unit. · 冷战并未在本单元结束。
Rights, expanded and contested
- Legal and political successes in ending segregation, the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and court decisions expanding civil rights and individual liberties.
- Change: five movements demanding equality, and a federal government that answered through all three branches.
- Continuity: progress toward racial equality was slow, continuing resistance persisted, and the clashes of 8.14 were unresolved by 1980.
被扩大也被争夺的权利
- 在终结种族隔离方面的法律与政治成功、1964 年民权法案,以及扩大公民权利与个人自由的法院判决。
- 变化:五场要求平等的运动,以及一个通过全部三个部门作出回应的联邦政府。
- 延续:走向种族平等的进展缓慢、持续的抵制仍在,而 8.14 的那些冲突到 1980 年仍未解决。
Leadership, rights, or affluence? · 领导力、权利还是富裕程度？
Sort each development by 1980. · 按1980年对每项发展进行排序。
The clearest change in the leadership thread is that Vietnam... · 领导层线索中最明显的变化是，越南……
The policy was continuous; the reaction was not. · 这项政策是连续的；而反应则不然。
"Extent" demands a judgement with a limit, and the threads rank differently. Identity was reshaped most in who counts as a full citizen — five movements and three branches of federal action — and least in what government is trusted to do, since confidence declined in the 1970s after a high point in the mid-1960s.
"程度"要求一个带有限度的判断,而各条线索的排序并不相同。认同在谁算作完整公民这一点上被重塑得最多——五场运动与三个部门的联邦行动——而在政府被信任去做什么这一点上最少,因为信心在 1960 年代中期的高点之后于 1970 年代下降。
Unlike 1919, after 1945 the country... · 与1919年不同，1945年后，该国……
7.5's Senate had refused the Treaty and the League. · 7.5的参议院曾拒绝条约和国联。
Affluence, and what it did not reach
- Growth from a burgeoning private sector, federal spending, the baby boom, and technological developments, suburbs, and a Sun Belt that reshaped politics.
- Change: a majority in suburbs and the South and West, immigration from around the world after 1965.
- Continuity: despite an overall affluence... poverty persisted, and confidence in government to fix it fell in the 1970s.
富裕,以及它未曾触及之处
- 来自蓬勃的私营部门、联邦支出、婴儿潮与技术发展的增长、郊区,以及一个重塑了政治的阳光地带。
- 变化:多数人迁往郊区与南部、西部,以及 1965 年之后来自世界各地的移民。
- 延续:尽管总体上富裕……贫困仍然存在,而对政府解决它之能力的信心在 1970 年代下降。
Identity was reshaped least in what government is ____ to do. · 身份认同在政府被____去做什么方面重塑得最少。
Confidence declined in the 1970s after a mid-1960s high point. · 信心在1970年代下降，此前在1960年代中期达到高点。
'The extent to which' once more
- The objective is the extent to which the events of the period from 1945 to 1980 reshaped national identity.
- Extent demands a judgement with a limit: identity was reshaped most in who counts as a full citizen, least in what government is trusted to do.
- Rank the three threads, name a continuity in each, and the answer is complete.
再一次的"在多大程度上"
- 这一目标是1945 至 1980 年间的种种事件在多大程度上重塑了民族认同。
- 程度要求一个带有限度的判断:认同在谁算作完整公民这一点上被重塑得最多,在政府被信任去做什么这一点上最少。
- 为这三条线索排序,并在每一条中点出一项延续,答案就完整了。
A country can change who is legally included and still lose faith in the institution that included them. Both happened in the same thirty-five years, and reporting only one of them describes half a period.
一个国家可以改变谁在法律上被纳入,同时对纳入他们的那个机构失去信心。这两件事发生在同样的三十五年里,而只报告其中之一,只描述了半个时期。
By 1980, global leadership had held through containment's four aims while Vietnam ended the near-absence of domestic opposition; rights had expanded through the Civil Rights Act of 1964, court decisions and five movements, though progress toward racial equality was slow and continuing resistance persisted; and affluence had produced suburbs, the Sun Belt and immigration from around the world, while poverty persisted and public confidence and trust in government... declined in the 1970s. The extent: greatest in who counts as a citizen, least in what government is trusted to do.
到 1980 年,全球领导地位在遏制的四个目标之下一直成立,而越南终结了国内反对几乎不存在的局面;权利通过 1964 年民权法案、法院判决与五场运动得到扩大,尽管走向种族平等的进展缓慢且持续的抵制仍在;而富裕产生了郊区、阳光地带与来自世界各地的移民,与此同时贫困仍然存在,而公众对政府的信心与信任……在 1970 年代下降。程度:在谁算作公民这一点上最大,在政府被信任去做什么这一点上最小。