Civil Rights, 1960-1980 · 民权运动，1960-1980
Three strategies
- During and after World War II, civil rights activists and leaders, most notably Martin Luther King Jr., combated racial discrimination utilising a variety of strategies, including legal challenges, direct action, and nonviolent protest tactics.
- Three named strategies: legal challenges, direct action, and nonviolent protest tactics — they are different, not synonyms.
- During and after World War II dates the movement earlier than the 1960s, which matters for how it is explained.
三种策略
- 在第二次世界大战期间与之后,民权活动家与领袖——其中最著名的是小马丁·路德·金——运用多种策略对抗种族歧视,包括法律挑战、直接行动与非暴力抗议手段。
- 三种被点名的策略:法律挑战、直接行动与非暴力抗议手段——它们是不同的,不是同义词。
- 在第二次世界大战期间与之后把这场运动的起点定得早于 1960 年代,而这对如何解释它很重要。
Select all · 所有 three strategies the CED names. · 选择所有CED命名的三种策略。
They are different, not synonyms. · 它们是不同的，不是同义词。
Resistance, unrest, and a debate
- Continuing resistance slowed efforts at desegregation, sparking social and political unrest across the nation.
- Debates among civil rights activists over the efficacy of nonviolence increased after 1965.
- The second sentence records a disagreement within the movement, dated, and it belongs in any full answer.
抵制、动荡,以及一场辩论
- 持续的抵制拖慢了去隔离的努力,在全国各地引发了社会与政治动荡。
- 1965 年之后,民权活动家之间关于非暴力有效性的辩论有所增加。
- 第二句记录了运动内部的一场分歧,并给出了年代,而它应当出现在任何完整的答案中。
The CED dates activist debate over nonviolence as increasing... · CED将活动家关于非暴力的辩论日期定为增加...
A disagreement within the movement, explicitly stated. · 运动内部的明确分歧。
The federal response
- The three branches of the federal government used measures including the Civil Rights Act of 1964 to promote greater racial equality.
- A series of Supreme Court decisions expanded civil rights and individual liberties.
- 8.6 named an executive and a judicial measure; here the CED adds a legislative one, completing the three branches.
联邦的回应
- 联邦政府的三个部门使用了包括 1964 年民权法案在内的措施,以推动更大的种族平等。
- 一系列最高法院的判决扩大了公民权利与个人自由。
- 8.6 点出了一项行政措施与一项司法措施;在这里 CED 加上了一项立法措施,补齐了三个部门。
A strategy, a form of resistance, or a federal measure? · 一种策略、一种抵抗形式，还是一项联邦措施？
Sort each element of the movement, 1960-1980. · 对每个运动（1960-1980）的元素进行分类排序。
The Civil Rights Act of 1964 completes the three branches by adding a... · 1964年《民权法案》通过增加一项...完成了三权分立。
8.6 had named an executive and a judicial one. · 8.6曾提及一项行政和一项司法措施。
The CED records a disagreement within the movement, and dates it. Debates among civil rights activists over the efficacy of nonviolence increased after 1965 — an answer that presents a single unified strategy has left out a development the CED states explicitly.
CED 记录了运动内部的一场分歧,并给出了年代。 1965 年之后,民权活动家之间关于非暴力有效性的辩论有所增加——把它呈现为一种单一统一的策略的答案,漏掉了 CED 明确陈述的一项发展。
Match each strategy to the institution it addresses. · 将每种策略与其解决的机构相匹配。
A variety of strategies is a movement addressing several institutions. · 多种策略是一种涉及多个机构的运动的特征。
Why strategies differed
- A legal challenge asks a court to apply an existing text; direct action creates a situation that forces a decision.
- Each fits a different institution: courts respond to cases, legislatures to pressure, public opinion to visible events.
- So the variety of strategies is not indecision; it is a movement addressing several institutions at once.
策略为何不同
- 一次法律挑战要求法院适用一份既有的文本;而直接行动制造一个迫使作出决定的局面。
- 每一种都适配一个不同的机构:法院回应案件,立法机关回应压力,公众舆论回应可见的事件。
- 因此多种策略不是犹豫不决;它是一场运动同时面向若干机构。
The CED dates the movement to during and after World War ____. · CED将运动的日期定在二战____期间及之后。
Earlier than the 1960s, which matters for how it is explained. · 早于1960年代，这对其解释方式很重要。
Two objectives, two directions
- 8.10 asks how and why various groups responded to calls for the expansion of civil rights and how the federal government responded.
- Groups: activists with three strategies, resisters who slowed desegregation, and activists debating nonviolence after 1965.
- Federal government: legislation, court decisions, and measures across all three branches.
两个目标,两个方向
- 8.10 追问各群体如何以及为何回应扩大公民权利的呼声,以及联邦政府如何回应。
- 各群体:拥有三种策略的活动家、拖慢去隔离的抵制者,以及 1965 年后就非暴力展开辩论的活动家。
- 联邦政府:立法、法院判决,以及跨越全部三个部门的措施。
A court needs a case, a legislature needs pressure, and public opinion needs something it can see. A movement that uses one method is addressing one institution; a movement that uses three is addressing three.
法院需要一个案件,立法机关需要压力,而公众舆论需要某种看得见的东西。使用一种方法的运动是在面向一个机构;使用三种方法的运动是在面向三个。
Civil rights activists and leaders, most notably Martin Luther King Jr., combated racial discrimination utilising a variety of strategies, including legal challenges, direct action, and nonviolent protest tactics. Continuing resistance slowed efforts at desegregation, sparking social and political unrest across the nation. Debates among civil rights activists over the efficacy of nonviolence increased after 1965. Federally, the three branches... used measures including the Civil Rights Act of 1964, and a series of Supreme Court decisions expanded civil rights and individual liberties.
民权活动家与领袖——其中最著名的是小马丁·路德·金——运用多种策略对抗种族歧视,包括法律挑战、直接行动与非暴力抗议手段。 持续的抵制拖慢了去隔离的努力,在全国各地引发了社会与政治动荡。1965 年之后,民权活动家之间关于非暴力有效性的辩论有所增加。在联邦层面,三个部门……使用了包括 1964 年民权法案在内的措施,而一系列最高法院的判决扩大了公民权利与个人自由。