Liberalism at Its Height · 自由主义的巅峰
Poverty inside affluence
- Despite an overall affluence in postwar America, advocates raised concerns about the prevalence and persistence of poverty as a national problem.
- Despite an overall affluence — the CED concedes the prosperity and then names what it did not reach.
- As a national problem is the political move: poverty framed as a national responsibility invites a federal answer.
富裕之中的贫困
- 尽管战后美国总体上富裕,倡导者们仍就贫困的普遍与持久提出关切,把它作为一个全国性问题。
- 尽管总体上富裕——CED 承认了那种繁荣,随后点出了它未曾触及之处。
- 作为一个全国性问题是那个政治动作:被框定为全国责任的贫困,会引出一个联邦层面的回答。
Select both · 两者 commitments the CED uses to define liberalism. · 选择两个CED用于定义自由主义的承诺。
Dropping the first half misses 8.12's left critics. · 省略前半部分会错过8.12的左翼批评者。
What liberalism meant at its height
- Liberalism, based on anti-communism abroad and a firm belief in the efficacy of government power to achieve social goals at home, reached a high point of political influence by the mid-1960s.
- The CED defines it by two commitments: anti-communism abroad and government power at home — and both are essential to the definition.
- 7.9's redefinition of liberalism is the earlier stage; this is its maximum, and 8.14 will record the decline.
自由主义在其高点时意味着什么
- 以海外反共与国内坚信政府权力足以实现社会目标为基础的自由主义,到 1960 年代中期达到了政治影响力的高点。
- CED 用两项承诺来定义它:海外反共与国内的政府权力——而两者对这一定义都是必需的。
- 7.9 中对自由主义的重新定义是更早的阶段;这里是它的顶点,而 8.14 将记录它的衰落。
Select all · 所有 three Great Society aims. · 选择所有伟大社会的三个目标。
The verbs are absolute: end, eliminate. · 动词是绝对的：结束、消除。
Three Great Society aims
- Liberal ideas found expression in Lyndon Johnson's Great Society, which attempted to use federal legislation and programmes to end racial discrimination, eliminate poverty, and address other social issues.
- Attempted again, and three aims: end racial discrimination, eliminate poverty, and address other social issues.
- The verbs are absolute — end, eliminate — which is what a high point of confidence in government sounds like.
伟大社会的三个目标
- 自由主义观念在林登·约翰逊的"伟大社会"中得到表达,该计划试图运用联邦立法与项目来终结种族歧视、消除贫困,并处理其他社会问题。
- 又是试图,以及三个目标:终结种族歧视、消除贫困,以及处理其他社会问题。
- 这些动词是绝对的——终结、消除——而这正是对政府信心达到高点时听起来的样子。
A definition, an aim, or the immigration change? · 一个定义、一个目标，还是移民变革？
Sort each element of 1960s liberalism. · 对每个1960年代自由主义的元素进行分类排序。
Framing poverty 'as a national problem' invites... · 将贫困界定为“国家问题”会招致...
The CED concedes affluence first, then names what it did not reach. · CED先承认富裕，然后指出它未触及的内容。
The CED defines liberalism by two commitments, not one. It rested on anti-communism abroad and a firm belief in the efficacy of government power to achieve social goals at home — dropping the first half misses why 8.12's left critics broke with it over immoral policies abroad.
CED 用两项承诺来定义自由主义,不是一项。它建立在海外反共与国内坚信政府权力足以实现社会目标之上——丢掉前一半,就会错过 8.12 中左翼批评者为何因在海外推行不道德的政策而与它决裂。
New immigration laws in ____ opened access from around the world. · ____的新移民法打开了来自世界各地的通道。
Reversing quotas in place since the 1920s. · 逆转自1920年代以来实施的配额制度。
And immigration law changed
- Immigrants from around the world sought access to the political, social, and economic opportunities in the United States, especially after the passage of new immigration laws in 1965.
- From around the world marks the change from 7.6's and 7.8's national quotas, which had targeted specific regions.
- So 1965 reverses a policy in place since the 1920s, and the demographic consequences run to the present.
而移民法改变了
- 来自世界各地的移民寻求获得美国的政治、社会与经济机会,尤其是在 1965 年新移民法通过之后。
- 来自世界各地标示出与 7.6 及 7.8 中国别配额的差别,那些配额曾针对特定地区。
- 因此 1965 年逆转了一项自 1920 年代以来一直存在的政策,而其人口后果一直延续到今天。
Liberalism reached its high point of political influence... · 自由主义达到了其政治影响力的顶峰...
7.9 was the earlier stage; 8.14 records the decline. · 7.9是较早阶段；8.14记录了衰退。
Two objectives, one government
- 8.9 carries the role of the federal government and continuities and changes in immigration patterns, and both turn on what Washington decided to do.
- Government's role: a high point of confidence, absolute aims, and a poverty problem framed nationally.
- Immigration: a 1965 law replacing quotas, opening access from around the world.
两个目标,同一个政府
- 8.9 承载联邦政府的作用与移民模式的延续与变化,而两者都取决于华盛顿决定做什么。
- 政府的作用:信心的高点、绝对的目标,以及一个被在全国层面框定的贫困问题。
- 移民:1965 年的一部法律取代了配额,开放了来自世界各地的通道。
A programme that promises to end a condition rather than reduce it has set a standard by which it can only fail. That is not carelessness; it is what confidence sounds like before it is tested.
一项许诺终结某种状况、而不是减轻它的计划,已经设定了一个只可能失败的标准。那不是疏忽;那是信心在被检验之前听起来的样子。
Despite an overall affluence in postwar America, advocates raised concerns about the prevalence and persistence of poverty as a national problem. Liberalism, based on anti-communism abroad and a firm belief in the efficacy of government power to achieve social goals at home, reached a high point of political influence by the mid-1960s, expressed in Lyndon Johnson's Great Society, which attempted to use federal legislation and programmes to end racial discrimination, eliminate poverty, and address other social issues. Immigrants from around the world sought access... especially after the passage of new immigration laws in 1965.
尽管战后美国总体上富裕,倡导者们仍就贫困的普遍与持久提出关切,把它作为一个全国性问题。 以海外反共与国内坚信政府权力足以实现社会目标为基础的自由主义,到 1960 年代中期达到了政治影响力的高点,并表达于林登·约翰逊的"伟大社会",该计划试图运用联邦立法与项目来终结种族歧视、消除贫困,并处理其他社会问题。来自世界各地的移民寻求获得机会……尤其是在 1965 年新移民法通过之后。