Who Came to the Cities · 谁来到了城市
A workforce enlarged two ways
- The industrial workforce expanded and became more diverse through internal and international migration.
- Two sources — internal and international — and the CED names them together as one process.
- So the labour force of 6.7 and the migrants of 6.8 are the same people described from two angles.
以两种方式扩大的劳动力
- 工业劳动力通过国内与国际迁徙而扩大,并变得更加多元。
- 两个来源——国内的与国际的——而 CED 把它们并列为同一个过程。
- 因此 6.7 的劳动力与 6.8 的移民,是同一批人从两个角度被描述。
Select both · 两者 sources of workforce expansion. · 选出劳动力扩大的两个来源。
Named together as one process. · 被并列为同一个过程。
Where they came from, and why
- As cities became areas of economic growth featuring new factories and businesses, they attracted immigrants from Asia and southern and eastern Europe, as well as African American migrants within and out of the South.
- Many migrants moved to escape poverty, religious persecution, and limited opportunities for social mobility in their home countries or regions.
- Three push factors, and the CED applies the same sentence to international migrants and to African Americans leaving the South.
他们从何而来,以及为何而来
- 随着城市成为拥有新工厂与新企业的经济增长区,它们吸引了来自亚洲以及南欧与东欧的移民,还有在南方内部及离开南方的非裔美国人迁徙者。
- 许多迁徙者是为了逃离原籍国或原籍地区的贫困、宗教迫害与有限的社会流动机会。
- 三项推力因素,而 CED 把同一句话同时用于国际移民与离开南方的非裔美国人。
Select all · 所有 three push factors the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的全部三项推力因素。
The same sentence covers international migrants and African Americans leaving the South. · 同一句话同时涵盖国际移民与离开南方的非裔美国人。
Neighbourhoods as opportunity
- Urban neighbourhoods based on particular ethnicities, races, and classes provided new cultural opportunities for city dwellers.
- Provided new cultural opportunities — the CED describes segregation of settlement as producing something, not only as a limitation.
- That is a deliberate framing, and reproducing it is more accurate than reading such neighbourhoods only as ghettos.
作为机会的街区
- 以特定族裔、种族与阶级为基础的城市街区,为城市居民提供了新的文化机会。
- 提供了新的文化机会——CED 把居住上的分隔描述为产生了某种东西,而不只是一种限制。
- 那是一种有意的框定,而照样再现它,比只把这类街区读作贫民区更准确。
Trace arrival to federal restriction · 从移民到来追到联邦立法限制
The political machine and the nativist are simultaneous responses to the same arrival. · 政治机器与排外主义是对同一批移民同时出现的两种回应。
The CED says ethnic neighbourhoods... · CED 说族裔街区……
A deliberate framing, worth reproducing. · 一种有意的框定,值得照样再现。
The CED says ethnic neighbourhoods provided new cultural opportunities. Settlement by ethnicity, race and class is framed as producing something for city dwellers, not only as a limitation — reproducing that framing is more accurate than reading such neighbourhoods only as constraint.
**CED 说族裔街区提供了新的文化机会。**按族裔、种族与阶级形成的居住格局,被框定为为城市居民产生了某种东西,而不只是一种限制——照样再现这一框定,比只把这类街区读作约束更准确。
Match each factor to its kind. · 把每项因素与它的类型配对。
Both adjectives are graded by the objective. · 两个形容词都会被这一目标评分。
Cultural and economic factors together
- The objective is how cultural and economic factors affected migration patterns over time, and both adjectives are graded.
- Economic: factories, businesses, and limited opportunities for social mobility at home.
- Cultural: religious persecution as a push, and ethnic neighbourhoods as a pull once a community exists.
文化与经济因素并置
- 这一目标是文化与经济因素如何随时间影响迁徙模式,而两个形容词都会被评分。
- 经济的:工厂、企业,以及原籍地有限的社会流动机会。
- 文化的:作为推力的宗教迫害,以及在一个社群已经存在之后作为拉力的族裔街区。
A migration ____ has a shape: where from, where to, and why. · 一种迁徙 ____ 是有形状的:从何处来、到何处去、为何而去。
State the shape once; the rest is evidence. · 把这个形状说一次;其余的都是证据。
Patterns, not just numbers
- Migration patterns asks about where from, where to, and why — a pattern has a shape.
- The shape here: from regions of poverty and persecution, to cities with factories, into neighbourhoods organised by ethnicity, race and class.
- State the shape in one sentence and the rest of the answer is evidence for it.
模式,而不只是数字
- 迁徙模式追问的是从何处来、到何处去、为何而去——一种模式是有形状的。
- 这里的形状是:从贫困与迫害的地区,到有工厂的城市,进入按族裔、种族与阶级组织起来的街区。
- 用一句话说出这个形状,答案的其余部分就是它的证据。
A street where the shops, the paper, the church and the union hall all speak one language is a constraint on where you may live and a resource for how you may live. Both are true, and the second is why people chose it.
一条街上的商店、报纸、教堂与工会会堂都讲同一种语言,这既是对你可以住在哪里的一种约束,也是关于你可以怎样生活的一种资源。两者都为真,而后者正是人们选择它的原因。
The industrial workforce expanded and became more diverse through internal and international migration. As cities became areas of economic growth featuring new factories and businesses, they attracted immigrants from Asia and southern and eastern Europe, as well as African American migrants within and out of the South. Many migrants moved to escape poverty, religious persecution, and limited opportunities for social mobility, and urban neighbourhoods based on particular ethnicities, races, and classes provided new cultural opportunities for city dwellers.
工业劳动力通过国内与国际迁徙而扩大,并变得更加多元。 随着城市成为拥有新工厂与新企业的经济增长区,它们吸引了来自亚洲以及南欧与东欧的移民,还有在南方内部及离开南方的非裔美国人迁徙者。 许多迁徙者是为了逃离贫困、宗教迫害与有限的社会流动机会,而以特定族裔、种族与阶级为基础的城市街区,为城市居民提供了新的文化机会。