Responses to Newcomers · 对新来者的回应
A public debate, and a negotiation
- Increasing public debates over assimilation and Americanisation accompanied the growth of international migration.
- Many immigrants negotiated compromises between the cultures they brought and the culture they found in the United States.
- Negotiated compromises gives immigrants agency: they were parties to the outcome, not material being processed.
一场公共辩论,以及一次协商
- 关于同化与美国化的公共辩论日益增多,伴随着国际迁徙的增长。
- 许多移民在他们带来的文化与他们在美国所遇到的文化之间协商出妥协。
- 协商出妥协赋予移民能动性:他们是这一结果的当事方,而不是被处理的材料。
'Negotiated compromises' gives immigrants... · ‘协商妥协’赋予移民……
Not material being processed. · 不是被加工的物质。
Social Darwinism justified the outcome
- Social commentators advocated theories later described as Social Darwinism to justify the success of those at the top of the socioeconomic structure as both appropriate and inevitable.
- Later described as — the CED notes the label is retrospective, which is a precise historical point.
- Both appropriate and inevitable are two separate claims: one moral, one causal, and the pairing is what makes the doctrine powerful.
社会达尔文主义为结果辩护
- 社会评论者鼓吹后来被称为社会达尔文主义的理论,以论证处于社会经济结构顶端者的成功既是恰当的,也是不可避免的。
- 后来被称为——CED 指出这一标签是回溯性的,而这是一个精确的史学要点。
- 既是恰当的,也是不可避免的是两项各自独立的主张:一项是道德的,一项是因果的,而这一配对正是使这套学说有力的原因。
Select both · 两者 claims Social Darwinism made about success at the top. · 选择社会达尔文主义关于顶端成功的两个主张。
One moral claim and one causal claim. · 一个道德主张和一个因果主张。
Settlement houses
- Many women, like Jane Addams, worked in settlement houses to help immigrants adapt to U.S. language and customs.
- The CED names a person and a method, and it places this among the responses to immigration, not among reform movements generally.
- So settlement work is one answer to the assimilation debate — practical help rather than argument or restriction.
睦邻之家
- 许多女性,如简·亚当斯,在睦邻之家工作,帮助移民适应美国的语言与习俗。
- CED 点出了一个人与一种方法,并把这一项放在对移民的回应之中,而不是放在一般的改革运动之中。
- 因此睦邻工作是对同化辩论的一种回答——实际的帮助,而不是论辩或限制。
Public debate, intellectual justification, or practical work? · 公共辩论、智力辩护还是实际工作？
Sort each response to immigration. · 对移民反应的每个要素进行排序。
The CED says these theories were ____ described as Social Darwinism. · CED称这些理论被____描述为社会达尔文主义。
A precise historical note: the label is retrospective. · 一个精确的历史注脚：这个标签是事后追认的。
"Later described as" is a precise historical note. The CED says commentators advocated theories later described as Social Darwinism — the label is retrospective, and the doctrine's power came from claiming success was both appropriate and inevitable: one moral claim and one causal claim together.
"后来被称为"是一个精确的史学注记。CED 说评论者鼓吹的是后来被称为社会达尔文主义的理论——这一标签是回溯性的,而这套学说的力量来自宣称成功既是恰当的,也是不可避免的:一项道德主张与一项因果主张并置。
Settlement houses answered the assimilation debate with... · 定居所通过……回应了同化辩论。
Rather than argument or restriction. · 而非争论或限制。
Three responses, three registers
- Debate is public argument; Social Darwinism is intellectual justification; settlement houses are practical work.
- 5.5's nativism supplies a fourth register — political restriction — and it is the same argument continuing.
- So a strong answer names responses at more than one level, because the CED deliberately supplies more than one.
三种回应,三种层面
- 辩论是公共论辩;社会达尔文主义是思想上的辩护;睦邻之家是实际的工作。
- 5.5 的本土主义提供了第四种层面——政治上的限制——而那是同一场论争的延续。
- 因此一份有力的答案会点出不止一个层面的回应,因为 CED 有意提供了不止一种。
Select all · 所有 the registers of response named across 5.5 and 6.9. · 选择 5.5 和 6.9 中提及的所有回应类型。
The CED deliberately supplies more than one. · CED特意提供了不止一个。
Various responses over time
- The objective is the various responses to immigration in the period over time.
- Various again invites more than one, and over time invites a sequence: welcome as labour, debate as numbers grow, restriction as politics organises.
- Name a response, its register, and who made it — three details per response is enough.
随时间的各种回应
- 这一目标是这一时期随时间对移民的各种回应。
- 各种又一次要求不止一种,而随时间要求一个序列:作为劳动力被接纳、随人数增长而引发辩论、随政治组织化而走向限制。
- 点出一种回应、它的层面,以及是谁作出的——每种回应三个细节就够了。
A doctrine that says the winners deserve to win answers a moral objection. A doctrine that says they were always going to win answers a practical one. Saying both at once leaves the critic with nowhere to stand.
一套说赢家应当赢的学说,回答了一项道德上的反驳。一套说他们本来就注定要赢的学说,回答了一项实际上的反驳。同时说出两者,就让批评者无处立足。
Increasing public debates over assimilation and Americanisation accompanied the growth of international migration, and many immigrants negotiated compromises between the cultures they brought and the culture they found. Social commentators advocated theories later described as Social Darwinism to justify the success of those at the top of the socioeconomic structure as both appropriate and inevitable, while many women, like Jane Addams, worked in settlement houses to help immigrants adapt to U.S. language and customs.
关于同化与美国化的公共辩论日益增多,伴随着国际迁徙的增长,而许多移民在他们带来的文化与他们所遇到的文化之间协商出妥协。社会评论者鼓吹后来被称为社会达尔文主义的理论,以论证处于社会经济结构顶端者的成功既是恰当的,也是不可避免的,而许多女性,如简·亚当斯,在睦邻之家工作,帮助移民适应美国的语言与习俗。