Wages, Gaps and Unions · 工资、差距与工会
Two facts in one sentence
- As the price of many goods decreased, workers' real wages increased, providing new access to a variety of goods and services; many Americans' standards of living improved, while the gap between rich and poor grew.
- Standards of living improved and the gap between rich and poor grew — both, at the same time.
- That is the hardest fact of the period to hold, and holding it is what a good answer does.
一句话里的两项事实
- 随着许多商品价格下降,工人的实际工资上升,使他们得以接触到各种商品与服务;许多美国人的生活水平提高了,而贫富之间的差距同时扩大。
- 生活水平提高了 以及 贫富差距扩大了——两者同时发生。
- 这是这一时期最难同时把握的事实,而把握住它正是一份好答案所做之事。
Select both · 两者 facts the CED states in one sentence. · 选择CED在一个句子中陈述的两个事实。
The hardest fact of the period to hold. · 该时期最难把握的事实。
Labour organised, and confronted
- Labour and management battled over wages and working conditions, with workers organising local and national unions and/or directly confronting business leaders.
- Battled is strong, and the CED gives workers two methods: organising unions and/or direct confrontation.
- Local and national unions is a scale distinction that matters, because a national union can face a national trust.
劳工组织起来,并正面对抗
- 劳资双方就工资与工作条件展开较量,工人组织地方与全国性的工会,并/或直接与企业领袖对抗。
- 较量是个强词,而 CED 给了工人两种方法:组织工会并/或直接对抗。
- 地方与全国性工会是一个重要的规模区分,因为一个全国性工会才能面对一个全国性托拉斯。
Select both · 两者 methods workers used. · 选择工人使用的两个方法。
'And/or' in the CED's own phrasing. · CED措辞中的‘和/或’。
The workforce expanded, and so did child labour
- The industrial workforce expanded and child labour increased.
- One short sentence with two facts, and the CED places them together deliberately.
- Growth in the workforce is not neutral: part of what grew was the employment of children.
劳动力扩大了,童工也是
- 工业劳动力扩大,童工增加。
- 一句短句里有两项事实,而 CED 有意把它们放在一起。
- 劳动力的增长不是中性的:所增长的一部分,正是对儿童的雇用。
An improvement, an inequality, or a form of conflict? · 是一种改善、一种不平等，还是一种冲突形式？
Sort each element of industrial society. · 对工业社会的每个要素进行排序。
The CED says the industrial workforce expanded and child labour increased. · CED称工业劳动力扩张且童工增加。
Growth in the workforce is not neutral. · 劳动力的增长并非中立。
Living standards improved and the gap between rich and poor grew — both, at once. The CED puts them in one sentence, and an answer that reports only rising wages or only inequality has taken half of the hardest fact in the unit.
**生活水平提高了而且贫富差距扩大了——两者同时发生。**CED 把它们写在一句话里,而只报告工资上涨或只报告不平等的答案,只取了本单元中最难把握之事实的一半。
Both halves can be true because... · 两半部分可能都为真，因为……
One sentence of mechanism turns a paradox into an explanation. · 一句机制论述将一个悖论转化为解释。
Continuity and change, both required
- The shared objective asks for socioeconomic continuities and changes, so both halves are graded.
- Change: real wages rose, living standards improved, national unions formed, consumption widened.
- Continuity: labour conflict over wages and conditions, and inequality — now wider, but not new.
延续与变化,两者都必需
- 这个共享的目标要求社会经济上的延续与变化,因此两半都会被评分。
- 变化:实际工资上升、生活水平提高、全国性工会形成、消费面扩大。
- 延续:围绕工资与条件的劳资冲突,以及不平等——如今更宽,但并不新。
A ____ union can face a national trust — that is why the scale distinction matters. · 一个____工会可能面对一家全国性的托拉斯——这就是规模区分的重要性所在。
The CED names local and national unions. · CED列出了地方性和全国性工会。
Writing the double fact
- State both halves in one sentence, as the CED does, and then explain how both can be true.
- The mechanism: prices fell because production rose, and profits from that rise concentrated at the top (6.6's trusts).
- One sentence of mechanism turns a paradox into an explanation, which is the whole skill here.
书写这项双重事实
- 像 CED 那样,在一句话里陈述两半,然后解释两者为何可以同时为真。
- 机制是:价格因产量上升而下跌,而这一上升所带来的利润集中在顶端(6.6 的托拉斯)。
- 一句关于机制的话就把一个悖论变成了一个解释,而这就是这里全部的技巧。
A worker can afford a coat he could not have bought ten years earlier and still own a smaller share of what the country produces than his father did. Both statements are measurements, and they do not contradict each other.
一个工人可以买得起十年前买不起的一件外套,同时在这个国家所生产之物中占有的份额,却比他父亲那时更小。两句话都是测量结果,而它们并不相互矛盾。
As the price of many goods decreased, workers' real wages increased, providing new access to a variety of goods and services; many Americans' standards of living improved, while the gap between rich and poor grew. Labour and management battled over wages and working conditions, with workers organising local and national unions and/or directly confronting business leaders, and the industrial workforce expanded and child labour increased.
随着许多商品价格下降,工人的实际工资上升,使他们得以接触到各种商品与服务;许多美国人的生活水平提高了,而贫富之间的差距同时扩大。 劳资双方就工资与工作条件展开较量,工人组织地方与全国性的工会,并/或直接与企业领袖对抗,而工业劳动力扩大,童工增加。