Who Was Already There · 谁已经在那里
Settlement narratives must include existing communities
- An account lists mining and ranching opportunities but says the West was empty land awaiting settlement.
- That erases American Indian nations and Mexican American communities already involved in land and resource competition. Include those actors alongside settler motives and government actions.
Why people went
- In hopes of achieving ideals of self-sufficiency and independence, migrants moved to both rural and boomtown areas of the West for opportunities, such as building the railroads, mining, farming, and ranching. Four named opportunities, and the motive is stated as an ideal: self-sufficiency and independence.
- 6.2's falling prices and railroad dependence are the reason that ideal was often not achieved.
Select all · 所有 four opportunities the CED names. · 选择CED命名的所有四项机会。
The motive is stated as an ideal: self-sufficiency and independence. · 动机被表述为一个理想：自给自足和独立。
Competition became violent
- As migrant populations increased in number and the American bison population was decimated, competition for land and resources in the West among white settlers, American Indians, and Mexican Americans led to an increase in violent conflict. The CED names three competing groups, and it names an ecological fact — the bison population was decimated — as part of the cause.
- Destroying the bison removed the basis of an economy, which is a material cause of conflict, not only a symbolic loss.
Select all · 所有 three groups competing for land and resources. · 选择争夺土地和资源的所有三个群体。
Plus an ecological fact: the bison population was decimated. · 此外还有一个生态事实：野牛种群遭到毁灭。
What the government did
- The U.S. government violated treaties with American Indians and responded to resistance with military force, eventually confining American Indians to reservations and denying tribal sovereignty. The CED states this plainly: violated treaties, military force, confining, denying tribal sovereignty.
- These policies restricted tribal sovereignty; they did not end Native political activity or every later negotiation.
A motive, a cause of conflict, or a response? · 动机、冲突的原因，还是回应？
Sort each element of western settlement's human side. · 对西部定居的人道方面的每个要素进行分类。
Select all · 所有 the government actions the CED states. · 选择CED陈述的所有政府行为。
3.10's ambiguous relationship ends in denial, not resolution. · 3.10中模棱两可的关系以否定告终，而非解决。
The CED puts agency first even in the sentence about assimilation policy. Many American Indians preserved their cultures and tribal identities despite government policies promoting assimilation, and they attempted to develop self-sustaining economic practices — the obstacle is named, and what people did is still the subject.
Select both · 两者 things many American Indians did despite assimilation policies. · 选择尽管同化政策，许多美洲原住民仍做的两项事情。
The CED puts the agency first in the sentence. · CED在句子中将能动性放在首位。
And what native nations did
- Many American Indians preserved their cultures and tribal identities despite government policies promoting assimilation, and they attempted to develop self-sustaining economic practices. Two actions: preserved cultures and identities, and attempted to develop self-sustaining economic practices.
- Despite names the obstacle — policies promoting assimilation — and the CED still puts the agency first in the sentence.
The decimation of the bison is a cause of conflict because it... · 野牛的毁灭是冲突的原因之一，因为它...
A material cause, not only a symbolic loss. · 一种物质原因，而不仅仅是象征性的损失。
The human half of settlement
- 6.3 answers the same objective as 6.2, from the side of the people involved. Causes: an ideal of independence, four kinds of opportunity, and a bison population destroyed.
- Effects: violent competition among three groups, treaties violated, reservations, and cultures preserved anyway.
Destroy the animal an economy is built on and you have not merely taken a resource; you have removed the possibility of independence from the people who depended on it. The conflict that follows is about survival, not preference.
Carry the reasoning to a new case
- Link bison loss to material pressures, and distinguish government assimilation policies from Native peoples' responses.
- Preservation of cultures shows agency without implying the policies had no effects.
Match each element to its explanatory role.
The causal account includes multiple actors; opportunities do not imply an unoccupied landscape.
In hopes of achieving ideals of self-sufficiency and independence, migrants moved to both rural and boomtown areas of the West for opportunities, such as building the railroads, mining, farming, and ranching. As migrant populations increased... and the American bison population was decimated, competition for land and resources... among white settlers, American Indians, and Mexican Americans led to an increase in violent conflict. The U.S. government violated treaties..., confining American Indians to reservations and denying tribal sovereignty, yet many American Indians preserved their cultures and tribal identities despite government policies promoting assimilation.