Opening the West · 开拓西部
Mechanisation, and falling prices
- Improvements in mechanisation helped agricultural production increase substantially and contributed to declines in food prices.
- One cause, two effects — and the second, declines in food prices, is what makes farming harder even as it produces more.
- That paradox is the whole basis of 6.13's Populist politics, and it belongs in an answer here.
机械化,以及下跌的价格
- 机械化的改进帮助农业产量大幅增加,并促成了食品价格的下跌。
- 一个原因,两项效果——而第二项,食品价格的下跌,正是使务农在产量更高的同时反而更艰难的东西。
- 这一悖论是 6.13 民粹派政治的全部基础,而它应当出现在这里的答案中。
Select both · 两者 effects of mechanisation the CED names. · 选择CED命名的机械化的两项影响。
The second is what makes farming harder. · 第二项使得务农更加困难。
Farmers organised in response
- Many farmers responded to the increasing consolidation in agricultural markets and their dependence on the evolving railroad system by creating local and regional cooperative organisations.
- Two grievances named: market consolidation and dependence on railroads — both are about who sets the terms.
- Cooperative organisations is the same associational method 4.11 recorded, used now for an economic purpose.
农民为此组织起来
- 许多农民通过创建地方与地区性的合作组织,来回应农产品市场日益加剧的集中,以及他们对不断发展的铁路系统的依赖。
- 点出了两项怨怼:市场集中与对铁路的依赖——两者都关乎由谁来定条件。
- 合作组织正是 4.11 所记录的同一种结社方法,如今被用于一个经济目的。
Select both · 两者 things farmers organised in response to. · 选择农民组织起来应对的两项事项。
Both are about who sets the terms. · 两者都关乎谁设定条件。
Government opened the markets
- Following the Civil War, government subsidies for transportation and communication systems helped open new markets in North America.
- Subsidies means the market did not open itself — public money built the routes that private business then used.
- So 6.12's laissez-faire argument sits awkwardly beside a development the state paid for, and noticing that is worth a sentence.
政府打开了市场
- 内战之后,政府对交通与通讯系统的补贴,帮助在北美打开了新的市场。
- 补贴意味着市场并非自行打开——公共资金修建了随后由私人企业使用的那些线路。
- 因此 6.12 的自由放任论证,与一项由国家出资的发展并置显得别扭,而注意到这一点值得写上一句。
An economic cause, a farmer grievance, or a government contribution? · 一项经济原因、农民的不满，还是政府的贡献？
Sort each element of western settlement. · 对西部定居的每个要素进行分类。
'Government subsidies' means the new markets... · '政府补贴'意味着新市场...
Which sits awkwardly beside 6.12's laissez-faire argument. · 这与6.12的自由放任论点显得格格不入。
More production and falling prices are the same sentence, and that is the farmer's problem. Mechanisation helped agricultural production increase substantially and contributed to declines in food prices — producing more while earning less is the grievance that becomes 6.13's Populist politics.
产量更高与价格下跌写在同一句话里,而这正是农民的问题。机械化帮助农业产量大幅增加,并促成了食品价格的下跌——产得更多却挣得更少,正是那项将成为 6.13 民粹派政治的怨怼。
Select all · 所有 three things the CED credits with building the West. · 选择CED归功于建设西部的所有三项内容。
Not the settlers alone. · 不仅仅是定居者 alone。
Three things that built the West
- The building of transcontinental railroads, the discovery of mineral resources, and government policies promoted economic growth and created new communities and centres of commercial activity.
- Infrastructure, resources and policy — and the CED credits all three, not the settlers alone.
- Created new communities and centres of commercial activity is the effect: the West was built, not merely occupied.
建造西部的三样东西
- 横贯大陆铁路的修建、矿产资源的发现,以及政府政策,推动了经济增长,并创造了新的社区与商业活动中心。
- 基础设施、资源与政策——而 CED 把功劳归给三者,不只是定居者。
- 创造了新的社区与商业活动中心是效果:西部是被建造的,不只是被占据的。
The West was ____, not merely occupied. · 西部是被____的，而不仅仅是被占据的。
New communities and centres of commercial activity were created. · 建立了新的社区和商业活动中心。
Causes and effects of settlement
- The objective is the causes and effects of the settlement of the West from 1877 to 1898, shared with 6.3.
- 6.2 supplies the economic half: mechanisation, markets, railroads, subsidies, cooperatives.
- 6.3 supplies the human half: migrants' motives, competition, and conflict with native and Mexican American communities.
定居的成因与效果
- 这一目标是1877 至 1898 年间西部定居的成因与效果,与 6.3 共享。
- 6.2 提供经济的那一半:机械化、市场、铁路、补贴、合作社。
- 6.3 提供人的那一半:移民的动机、竞争,以及与原住民及墨西哥裔美国人社群的冲突。
A farmer who doubles his harvest and finds the price has halved has worked twice as hard for the same money — and he owes the railway either way. Nothing about his effort explains his position; the market structure does.
一个把收成翻了一番、却发现价格腰斩的农民,付出了两倍的劳作,换来同样的钱——而无论如何,他都欠着铁路公司的账。他的处境与他的努力无关;解释它的是市场结构。
Improvements in mechanisation helped agricultural production increase substantially and contributed to declines in food prices, and many farmers responded to the increasing consolidation in agricultural markets and their dependence on the evolving railroad system by creating local and regional cooperative organisations. Government subsidies for transportation and communication systems helped open new markets, and the building of transcontinental railroads, the discovery of mineral resources, and government policies promoted economic growth and created new communities and centres of commercial activity.
机械化的改进帮助农业产量大幅增加,并促成了食品价格的下跌,而许多农民通过创建地方与地区性的合作组织,来回应农产品市场日益加剧的集中以及他们对铁路系统的依赖。政府对交通与通讯系统的补贴帮助打开了新的市场,而横贯大陆铁路的修建、矿产资源的发现与政府政策,推动了经济增长并创造了新的社区与商业活动中心。