Claiming a Hemisphere · 宣称半个地球
A young state with two aims
- Struggling to create an independent global presence, the United States sought to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade.
- Struggling is the CED's own framing — this is a weak power's foreign policy, not a confident one.
- Two aims again: territory on the continent, and trade beyond it.
一个有两个目标的年轻国家
- 在努力建立独立的全球存在的过程中,美国寻求在整个北美大陆主张领土,并促进对外贸易。
- 努力(struggling)是 CED 自己的表述——这是一个弱势强权的外交政策,不是一个自信者的。
- 又是两个目标:大陆上的领土,以及大陆之外的贸易。
Select both · 两者 aims the CED names. · 选择CED指出的两个目标。
Territory on the continent, trade beyond it. · 大陆上的领土，及其以外的贸易。
Three named means
- The U.S. government sought influence and control over the Western Hemisphere through a variety of means, including military actions, American Indian removal, and diplomatic efforts such as the Monroe Doctrine.
- The CED lists them together and does not rank them: military actions, American Indian removal, and diplomacy.
- American Indian removal appearing in a list of foreign-policy means is exact and deliberate — it treats native nations as parties to hemispheric policy.
三种被点名的手段
- 美国政府通过多种手段寻求对西半球的影响与控制,包括军事行动、美洲印第安人迁移,以及门罗主义这类外交努力。
- CED 把它们并列且不作排序:军事行动、美洲印第安人迁移,以及外交。
- 美洲印第安人迁移出现在一份外交政策手段清单中,是精确而有意的——它把原住民各民族视为半球政策的当事方。
Select all · 所有 three means the CED lists. · 选择CED列出的所有三项手段。
Listed together, without ranking. · 并列列出，无等级之分。
The Monroe Doctrine as a claim
- A declaration about a hemisphere from a state that could not enforce it is an assertion of standing, not of power.
- That is consistent with struggling to create an independent global presence — the doctrine states an ambition.
- Reading it as an achieved policy rather than a claim misdates American capability by decades.
作为一项主张的门罗主义
- 一个无力执行它的国家发出的关于整个半球的宣言,是对身份地位的主张,而不是对实力的主张。
- 这与努力建立独立的全球存在是一致的——这项主义陈述的是一种抱负。
- 把它读作一项已实现的政策而不是一项主张,会把美国的能力提早几十年误判。
An aim, a means, or the framing? · 是一个目标、一种手段，还是框架？
Sort each element of early American foreign policy. · 对早期美国外交政策的每个要素进行排序。
The CED's word for the United States' position is... · CED对美国立场的描述是……
A weak power's foreign policy, not a confident one. · 弱国而非自信的外交政策。
The Monroe Doctrine is a claim, not an achieved policy. The CED frames the whole subtopic as a state struggling to create an independent global presence — so a declaration about a hemisphere from a power that could not enforce it asserts standing, and reading it as capability misdates the United States by decades.
门罗主义是一项主张,不是一项已实现的政策。CED 把整个小节框定为一个努力建立独立全球存在的国家——因此一个无力执行它的强权发出的关于整个半球的宣言,主张的是身份地位,而把它读作实力,会把美国误判提早几十年。
The Monroe Doctrine is better read as a claim than as an achieved policy. · 门罗主义更应被解读为一项主张，而非已实现的政策。
Reading it as capability misdates the United States by decades. · 将其解读为能力会低估美国几十年。
Foreign policy that is also domestic
- Territorial claims on the continent are simultaneously a foreign policy and a settlement policy.
- So 4.8's frontier settlers and 4.13's relocating slaveholders are participants in the same expansion.
- That overlap is why the CED's third thread names government and private initiatives together.
同时也是内政的外交政策
- 在这块大陆上的领土主张,同时既是一项外交政策,也是一项定居政策。
- 因此 4.8 的边疆定居者与 4.13 中迁移的蓄奴者,是同一场扩张的参与者。
- 这种重叠正是 CED 第三条线索把政府与民间举措并列的原因。
Continental territorial claims are simultaneously foreign policy and ____ policy. · 大陆领土主张既是外交政策也是____政策。
Which is why the CED names government and private initiatives. · 正因如此，CED才提到了政府和私人倡议。
How and why foreign policy expanded
- The objective is how and why American foreign policy developed and expanded over time.
- How: through military action, removal, exploration, purchase and declaration.
- Why: because a state struggling for standing needs both territory and trade, and each acquisition makes the next easier.
外交政策如何以及为何扩展
- 这一目标是美国外交政策如何以及为何随时间发展与扩展。
- 如何:通过军事行动、迁移、探险、购买与宣言。
- 为何:因为一个为身份地位而努力的国家,既需要领土也需要贸易,而每一次取得都使下一次更容易。
A statement that a region is closed to new colonisation is only as good as the navy behind it. Issued by a state without one, it is a position taken now to be enforced later — which is a real act, but a different kind of act.
一份宣称某一地区不再接受新殖民的声明,其分量取决于它背后的海军。由一个没有海军的国家发出时,它是一个此刻表明、日后执行的立场——那是一个真实的行为,但是另一种性质的行为。
Struggling to create an independent global presence, the United States sought to claim territory throughout the North American continent and promote foreign trade, and sought influence and control over the Western Hemisphere through a variety of means, including military actions, American Indian removal, and diplomatic efforts such as the Monroe Doctrine. The CED lists removal among foreign-policy means, and struggling frames the whole subtopic as the policy of a weak power.
在努力建立独立的全球存在的过程中,美国寻求在整个北美大陆主张领土,并促进对外贸易,并通过包括军事行动、美洲印第安人迁移,以及门罗主义这类外交努力在内的多种手段,寻求对西半球的影响与控制。CED 把迁移列在外交政策手段之中,而努力把整个小节框定为一个弱势强权的政策。