The Market Revolution · 市场革命
A change in how goods reach people
- Entrepreneurs helped to create a market revolution in production and commerce, in which market relationships between producers and consumers came to prevail as the manufacture of goods became more organised.
- The defining change is that market relationships came to prevail — buying and selling replaced making for one's own use.
- More organised manufacture is the supply side of the same change.
商品抵达人们方式的改变
- 企业家帮助促成了生产与商业上的一场市场革命,在其中,随着商品制造变得更有组织,生产者与消费者之间的市场关系开始占据主导。
- 决定性的变化在于市场关系开始占据主导——买卖取代了为自用而制造。
- 更有组织的制造,是同一变化的供给一侧。
The defining change of the market revolution is that... · 市场革命的决定性变化在于……
Buying and selling replaced making for one's own use. · 买卖取代了为自用而制造。
Five named innovations
- Innovations including textile machinery, steam engines, interchangeable parts, the telegraph, and agricultural inventions increased the efficiency of production methods.
- Note the range: two are machines, one is a method (interchangeable parts), one is communication, one is agricultural.
- So "technology" in this claim includes ways of organising work, not only devices.
五项被点名的创新
- 包括纺织机械、蒸汽机、可互换零件、电报与农业发明在内的创新,提高了生产方法的效率。
- 注意其范围:两项是机器,一项是方法(可互换零件),一项是通讯,一项是农业。
- 因此这项主张中的"技术"包含组织工作的方式,而不只是器械。
Select all · 所有 the innovations the CED names. · 选出 CED 点名的所有创新。
Plus agricultural inventions — one of them is a method, not a device. · 此外还有农业发明——其中一项是方法,不是器械。
Transport, and a lopsided map
- Legislation and judicial systems supported the development of roads, canals, and railroads, which extended and enlarged markets and helped foster regional interdependence.
- Transportation networks linked the North and Midwest more closely than they linked regions in the South.
- That second sentence is the single most consequential fact in the unit: interdependence was built unevenly, and the map it made is the map of the coming crisis.
运输,以及一张不对称的地图
- 立法与司法体系支持了道路、运河与铁路的发展,这些扩展并扩大了市场,并促进了地区间的相互依赖。
- 运输网络把北部与中西部连接得比它们与南方各地区的连接更为紧密。
- 第二句话是本单元中最具后果性的一条事实:相互依赖是被不均衡地建立起来的,而它所造就的那张地图,正是即将到来之危机的地图。
Follow the market revolution from transport to society · 从交通一路追到社会:市场革命
Cheaper transport widened markets; wider markets let regions specialise. · 更便宜的运输扩大了市场;更大的市场让各区域得以专业化。
Transportation networks linked... · 运输网络所连接的是……
The single most consequential fact in the unit. · 本单元中最具后果性的一条事实。
Interdependence was built unevenly, and that map matters more than any single invention. The CED says transportation networks linked the North and Midwest more closely than they linked regions in the South — yet cotton still tied the sections together, so the accurate claim is that the link was asymmetric, not absent.
相互依赖是被不均衡地建立起来的,而这张地图比任何单项发明都更重要。CED 说运输网络把北部与中西部连接得比它们与南方各地区的连接更为紧密——但棉花仍然把各地区系在一起,因此准确的主张是这种联系是不对称的,而不是不存在。
The accurate claim is that the sections' economic link was asymmetric, not absent. · 准确的主张是各地区之间的经济联系是不对称的,而不是不存在。
Cotton, manufacturing, banking and shipping tied them together. · 棉花、制造业、银行业与航运业把它们系在一起。
Cotton tied the sections together anyway
- Increasing Southern cotton production and the related growth of Northern manufacturing, banking, and shipping industries promoted the development of national and international commercial ties.
- So the sections were economically linked even as their transport networks pulled apart — a genuine complication.
- An answer that says only "the South was separate" contradicts a CED sentence; the accurate claim is that the link was asymmetric.
棉花无论如何还是把各地区系在了一起
- 南方棉花产量的增长,以及与之相关的北方制造业、银行业与航运业的发展,推动了全国性与国际性商业联系的形成。
- 因此各地区在经济上是相连的,即便它们的运输网络在把它们拉开——这是一个真实的复杂之处。
- 只说"南方是分离的"的答案与一句 CED 相矛盾;准确的主张是这种联系是不对称的。
Select both · 两者 things the CED says supported roads, canals and railroads. · 选出 CED 所说支持了道路、运河与铁路的两样东西。
Government support, in a period arguing about government's role. · 在一个正就政府作用争论不休的时期,来自政府的支持。
Causes and effects over time
- The objective is the causes and effects of the innovations in technology, agriculture, and commerce over time.
- Causes: entrepreneurial activity, supportive legislation and courts, and a widening market to supply.
- Effects: greater efficiency, enlarged markets, regional interdependence built unevenly, and national and international commercial ties.
随时间的成因与效果
- 这一目标是技术、农业与商业创新随时间的成因与效果。
- 成因:企业家活动、支持性的立法与法院,以及一个不断扩大、需要供给的市场。
- 效果:更高的效率、扩大的市场、被不均衡建立起来的地区相互依赖,以及全国性与国际性的商业联系。
Two regions can trade heavily with each other and still not be integrated, if the roads and rails that carry daily life run north and south for one of them and east and west for the other. Commerce joins them; infrastructure does not.
两个地区可以彼此大量贸易,却仍然没有一体化,如果承载日常生活的道路与铁路,对其中一方是南北走向,对另一方是东西走向。商业把它们连在一起;而基础设施没有。
Entrepreneurs helped to create a market revolution in production and commerce, in which market relationships between producers and consumers came to prevail. Innovations including textile machinery, steam engines, interchangeable parts, the telegraph, and agricultural inventions increased the efficiency of production methods, and legislation and judicial systems supported roads, canals, and railroads, which linked the North and Midwest more closely than they linked regions in the South. Meanwhile Southern cotton production and the related growth of Northern manufacturing, banking, and shipping promoted national and international commercial ties.
企业家帮助促成了生产与商业上的一场市场革命,在其中生产者与消费者之间的市场关系开始占据主导。 包括纺织机械、蒸汽机、可互换零件、电报与农业发明在内的创新提高了生产方法的效率,而立法与司法体系支持了道路、运河与铁路,后者把北部与中西部连接得比它们与南方各地区的连接更为紧密。与此同时,南方的棉花产量与相关的北方制造业、银行业与航运业的发展推动了全国性与国际性的商业联系。