When Region Beats Nation · 当地区胜过全国
The CED states it bluntly
- Regional interests often trumped national concerns as the basis for many political leaders' positions on slavery and economic policy.
- Trumped is a strong verb, and often is a strong qualifier — this is not an occasional exception.
- Two policy areas are named, and they are the two that will define the sectional crisis: slavery and economic policy.
CED 直白地说了出来
- 在许多政治领袖就奴隶制与经济政策所持的立场上,地区利益常常压过全国性关切。
- 压过是一个强动词,而常常是一个强限定词——这不是偶发的例外。
- 点出了两个政策领域,而它们正是将要界定地区危机的那两个:奴隶制与经济政策。
The CED says regional interests ____ national concerns. · CED指出区域利益____国家关切。
A strong verb with a strong qualifier. · 强有力的动词搭配强限定词。
The American System split opinion
- Plans to further unify the U.S. economy, such as the American System, generated debates over whether such policies would benefit agriculture or industry, potentially favouring different sections of the country.
- A plan for unity produced a debate about who gains — which is the pattern of every national economic policy in this course.
- Potentially favouring different sections is why an economic question becomes a sectional one.
美国体系分裂了意见
- 进一步统一美国经济的计划,例如美国体系,引发了关于这类政策究竟有利于农业还是工业的辩论,并可能偏向国内不同地区。
- 一项旨在统一的计划,产生了一场关于谁得利的辩论——而这正是本课程中每一项全国性经济政策的模式。
- 可能偏向不同地区正是一个经济问题变成地区问题的原因。
Select both · 两者 policy areas the CED names. · 选择CED指出的两个政策领域。
The two that will define the sectional crisis. · 将定义区域危机的两项内容。
Compromise bought time, not peace
- Congressional attempts at political compromise, such as the Missouri Compromise, only temporarily stemmed growing tensions between opponents and defenders of slavery.
- Only temporarily and growing are the CED's own words, and together they say the trend continued underneath.
- So a compromise is evidence of the size of the problem, not evidence that it was solved.
妥协买到的是时间,不是和平
- 国会所作的政治妥协尝试,例如密苏里妥协,只是暂时遏制了奴隶制反对者与辩护者之间不断增长的紧张。
- 只是暂时与不断增长是 CED 自己的用词,合在一起说明这一趋势在底下仍在继续。
- 因此一项妥协是这个问题规模的证据,而不是它已被解决的证据。
The general claim, an economic case, or a slavery case? · 是一般性主张、经济案例，还是奴隶制案例？
Sort each element of sectional politics. · 对区域政治的每个要素进行排序。
A plan to unify the economy produced a debate about... · 统一经济的计划引发了关于……的辩论
The pattern of every national economic policy in this course. · 本课程中每一项国家经济政策的模式。
A compromise measures the size of the problem, not its solution. The CED says congressional attempts only temporarily stemmed growing tensions — both words are load-bearing, and together they say the underlying trend continued.
一项妥协衡量的是问题的规模,而不是它的解决。CED 说国会的尝试只是暂时遏制了不断增长的紧张——这两个词都是承重的,合在一起说明底下的趋势仍在继续。
Select both · 两者 CED words that show compromise did not solve the problem. · 选择CED中表明妥协未能解决问题的两个词语。
Both are load-bearing. · 两者均为承重结构。
Why regions had different interests
- 4.5 will show transport networks linking the North and Midwest more closely than they linked regions in the South.
- 4.13 will show the South relying on traditional agricultural staples and their export.
- So the interests differ because the economies differ, and the economies differ because of what each region produces.
各地区为何利益不同
- 4.5 将显示运输网络把北部与中西部连接得比它们与南方各地区的连接更为紧密。
- 4.13 将显示南方依赖传统的大宗农产品及其出口。
- 因此利益不同是因为经济不同,而经济不同是因为每个地区所生产之物不同。
Regional interests differ because regional ____ differ. · 区域利益不同是因为各区域的____不同。
And those differ because of what each region produces. · 这种差异源于各地区生产内容的不同。
How regional interests shaped the debate
- The objective is how different regional interests affected debates about the role of the federal government.
- The mechanism: a national policy always has a distributional effect, so a leader's region tells you his position.
- State the mechanism, then give the American System and the Missouri Compromise as the two illustrations.
地区利益如何塑造了这场辩论
- 这一目标是不同的地区利益如何影响了关于联邦政府作用的辩论。
- 机制是:一项全国性政策总有分配上的效应,因此一位领袖的地区就能告诉你他的立场。
- 先陈述这一机制,再以美国体系与密苏里妥协作为两个例证。
A tariff that protects a factory raises the price of the tools a farm must buy. Both sides can argue for the nation in perfect sincerity and reach opposite conclusions, because the same policy pays one of them and charges the other.
一项保护工厂的关税,会抬高一座农场必须购买的工具的价格。双方都可以完全真诚地以国家之名论辩,却得出相反的结论,因为同一项政策付钱给其中一方,向另一方收费。
Regional interests often trumped national concerns as the basis for many political leaders' positions on slavery and economic policy. Plans to further unify the U.S. economy, such as the American System, generated debates over whether such policies would benefit agriculture or industry, potentially favouring different sections, and congressional attempts at political compromise, such as the Missouri Compromise, only temporarily stemmed growing tensions between opponents and defenders of slavery.
在许多政治领袖就奴隶制与经济政策所持的立场上,地区利益常常压过全国性关切。 进一步统一美国经济的计划,例如美国体系,引发了关于这类政策究竟有利于农业还是工业的辩论,并可能偏向不同地区,而国会所作的政治妥协尝试,例如密苏里妥协,只是暂时遏制了奴隶制反对者与辩护者之间不断增长的紧张。