Seeing Each Other · 相互观察
Divergent worldviews, itemised
- In their interactions, Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding issues such as religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power.
- Five areas of disagreement, and land use is the one that becomes a conflict rather than a debate.
- Asserted is active on both sides — the CED does not describe one group holding views and the other reacting.
被逐项列出的分歧世界观
- 在他们的互动中,欧洲人与美洲原住民在宗教、性别角色、家庭、土地使用与权力等问题上,主张各自不同的世界观。
- 五个分歧的领域,而土地使用是那个会变成冲突而非辩论的领域。
- 主张在双方都是主动的——CED 并没有描述一方持有观点而另一方作出反应。
Select all · 所有 the issues the CED says the worldviews diverged on. · 选择CED指出的世界观产生分歧的所有议题。
Land use is the one that becomes a conflict rather than a debate. · 土地利用是唯一一个变成冲突而非辩论的议题。
Misunderstanding, then borrowing
- Mutual misunderstandings between Europeans and Native Americans often defined the early years of interaction and trade as each group sought to make sense of the other.
- Over time, Europeans and Native Americans adopted some useful aspects of each other's culture.
- So the CED gives a sequence: incomprehension first, selective adoption after — and some useful aspects is a limited claim.
先是误解,然后是借用
- 欧洲人与美洲原住民之间相互的误解,常常定义了互动与贸易最初的那些年,因为双方都在试图理解对方。
- 随着时间推移,欧洲人与美洲原住民各自采纳了对方文化中一些有用的方面。
- 因此 CED 给出了一个序列:先是不理解,然后是有选择的采纳——而一些有用的方面是一项有限的主张。
Put the CED's sequence of interaction in order. · 按顺序排列CED的互动序列。
'Some useful aspects' is a limited claim. · ‘一些有用的方面’是一个有限的说法。
Defence, by two methods
- As European encroachments on Native Americans' lands and demands on their labour increased, native peoples sought to defend and maintain their political sovereignty, economic prosperity, religious beliefs, and concepts of gender relations through diplomatic negotiations and military resistance.
- Four things defended, and two methods — diplomatic negotiations as well as military resistance.
- An answer that describes only fighting has dropped half of the CED's own account of native agency.
以两种方法进行的防卫
- 随着欧洲人对美洲原住民土地的侵占以及对其劳动力的索求不断增加,原住民各族通过外交谈判与武装抵抗,寻求捍卫并维持他们的政治主权、经济繁荣、宗教信仰与性别关系观念。
- 四样被捍卫之物,以及两种方法——外交谈判与武装抵抗。
- 只描述作战的答案,丢掉了 CED 自己关于原住民能动性叙述的一半。
Divergence, native response, or the European debate? · 分歧、原住民回应还是欧洲辩论？
Sort each element of mutual perception. · 将相互感知的每个要素进行分类。
Select both · 两者 methods native peoples used to defend themselves. · 选择原住民用来自卫的两种方法。
The CED names both. · CED提到了两者。
Native peoples used two methods, and the CED names both. They defended sovereignty, prosperity, beliefs and gender relations through diplomatic negotiations and military resistance — an answer describing only fighting has dropped half of the CED's own account of native agency.
原住民各族使用了两种方法,而 CED 把两者都点了出来。他们通过外交谈判与武装抵抗捍卫主权、繁荣、信仰与性别关系——只描述作战的答案,丢掉了 CED 自己关于原住民能动性叙述的一半。
Select all · 所有 four things native peoples sought to defend. · 选择原住民寻求捍卫的所有四项内容。
Four things, two methods. · 四项内容，两种方法。
A debate inside Europe
- Extended contact with Native Americans and Africans fostered a debate among European religious and political leaders about how non-Europeans should be treated, as well as evolving religious, cultural, and racial justifications for the subjugation of Africans and Native Americans.
- One sentence holds both a debate about treatment and evolving justifications for subjugation.
- Evolving matters: the justifications changed over time, which means they were being constructed, not discovered.
欧洲内部的一场辩论
- 与美洲原住民及非洲人的长期接触,在欧洲的宗教与政治领袖之间引发了一场关于应当如何对待非欧洲人的辩论,同时也催生了为奴役非洲人与美洲原住民辩护的、不断演变的宗教、文化与种族理由。
- 一句话里同时容纳了关于待遇的辩论,以及为奴役所作的不断演变的辩护。
- 不断演变很重要:这些辩护随时间而变,这意味着它们是被建构出来的,而不是被发现的。
'Evolving justifications' implies that they were... · ‘不断演变的理由’暗示它们是...
They changed, which is what evolving means here. · 它们发生了变化，这就是这里“演变”的含义。
Perspectives developed and changed
- The objective is how and why European and Native American perspectives of others developed and changed.
- Developed: from mutual misunderstanding toward selective adoption and, in Europe, toward constructed justifications.
- Changed: because encroachment increased, so what began as trade became a contest over sovereignty and labour.
视角的形成与改变
- 这一目标是欧洲人与美洲原住民对彼此的看法如何以及为何形成与改变。
- 形成:从相互误解走向有选择的采纳,而在欧洲则走向被建构的辩护。
- 改变:因为侵占加剧,于是以贸易开始的事情,变成了一场关于主权与劳动力的角逐。
Two parties trade for a decade and each explains the other to itself using categories the other does not use. Then land changes hands, and the mismatch stops being a puzzle and becomes a dispute with a boundary in it.
双方交易了十年,而各自都在用对方并不使用的范畴向自己解释对方。随后土地易主,这种错位便不再是一个谜题,而成了一场带有边界的争端。
Europeans and Native Americans asserted divergent worldviews regarding religion, gender roles, family, land use, and power. Mutual misunderstandings often defined the early years, and over time... adopted some useful aspects of each other's culture. As encroachments increased, native peoples defended political sovereignty, economic prosperity, religious beliefs, and concepts of gender relations through diplomatic negotiations and military resistance, while in Europe extended contact fostered a debate... as well as evolving religious, cultural, and racial justifications for the subjugation of Africans and Native Americans.
欧洲人与美洲原住民在宗教、性别角色、家庭、土地使用与权力上主张各自不同的世界观。 相互的误解常常定义了最初的那些年,而随着时间推移……各自采纳了对方文化中一些有用的方面。随着侵占加剧,原住民各族通过外交谈判与武装抵抗捍卫政治主权、经济繁荣、宗教信仰与性别关系观念,而在欧洲,长期接触引发了一场辩论……同时也催生了为奴役非洲人与美洲原住民辩护的、不断演变的宗教、文化与种族理由。