What the Voyages Changed · 航行改变了什么
The two threads, measured
- As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.
- Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
- The objective asks for the effects of the development of transatlantic voyages from 1491 to 1607 — the second thread, weighed.
被测量的两条线索
- 随着原住民人口在漫长时间里迁徙并定居于北美洲广袤的地域,他们通过适应并改造多样的环境,发展出各自不同且日益复杂的社会。
- 欧洲人、美洲原住民与非洲人之间的接触,带来了哥伦布大交换,以及大西洋两岸重大的社会、文化与政治变化。
- 这一目标要求的是1491 至 1607 年间跨大西洋航行之发展的效应——第二条线索,被称量。
The most useful demographic sentence contrasts... · 最有用的那句人口陈述所对照的是……
One period, opposite directions on the two shores. · 同一时期,两岸相反的方向。
Demographic effects, in both directions
- In the Americas: epidemics that devastated native populations, and the forced arrival of enslaved Africans.
- In Europe: new crops stimulating European population growth.
- One period, opposite demographic directions on the two shores — that contrast is the single most useful sentence here.
双向的人口效应
- 在美洲:使原住民人口锐减的流行病,以及被奴役非洲人的被迫到来。
- 在欧洲:刺激了欧洲人口增长的新作物。
- 同一时期,两岸相反的人口方向——这一对照是这里最有用的一句话。
Select all · 所有 the economic effects this lesson names. · 选出本课点名的所有经济效应。
Mechanisation belongs centuries later. · 机械化属于数百年之后。
Economic effects
- Mineral wealth facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism, and joint-stock companies spread the risk of trade.
- In the Americas, the encomienda system and plantation-and-mining extraction organised an economy around forced labour.
- So one exchange produced a financial transformation on one shore and an extractive system on the other.
经济效应
- 矿产财富促进了欧洲从封建主义向资本主义的转变,而股份公司分摊了贸易的风险。
- 在美洲,委托监护制与种植园及采矿的榨取,把一种经济围绕强制劳动组织起来。
- 因此同一场交换,在一岸产生了一次金融转型,在另一岸产生了一套榨取制度。
Weigh what the voyages changed · 权衡这些航行改变了什么
A period-1 causation prompt asks about effects on BOTH sides of the Atlantic. · 第一时期的因果题问的是大西洋两岸各自受到的影响。
The political effect is best described as... · 政治效应最好被描述为……
Sovereignty defended by negotiation and resistance. · 主权通过谈判与抵抗被捍卫。
The two shores moved in opposite demographic directions in the same decades. Epidemics devastated native populations in the Americas while new crops were stimulating European population growth — that contrast is the single most useful sentence available for this objective.
在同样这些十年里,两岸的人口朝相反的方向变化。流行病在美洲使原住民人口锐减,而新的作物正在刺激欧洲人口增长——这一对照,是回答这一目标可用的最有用的一句话。
Give one demographic, one economic and one cultural-political effect on ____ shores. · 在 ____ 岸各给出一项人口的、一项经济的与一项文化政治的效应。
Six short statements, all supplied by the CED. · 六句短陈述,全部由 CED 提供。
Cultural and political effects
- A caste system that carefully defined status; evolving religious, cultural, and racial justifications for subjugation; and a European debate about how non-Europeans should be treated.
- On the native side, sovereignty defended by diplomatic negotiations and military resistance.
- So the political effect is contested authority, not simply transferred authority.
文化与政治效应
- 一套细致地界定了地位的种姓制度;为奴役辩护的不断演变的宗教、文化与种族理由;以及一场关于应当如何对待非欧洲人的欧洲辩论。
- 在原住民一侧,主权通过外交谈判与武装抵抗被捍卫。
- 因此政治上的效应是权威受到争夺,而不是权威被简单转移。
Naming a continuity keeps the answer from reading as erasure. · 点出一项延续,可以使答案不至于读起来像抹除。
Native societies persisted and resisted. · 原住民社会存续并进行了抵抗。
Writing effects on both sides
- Give one demographic, one economic and one cultural-political effect, and give each on both shores.
- That is six short statements, and the CED supplies every one of them.
- Naming a continuity as well — native societies persisted and resisted — is what keeps the answer from reading as erasure.
书写两岸的效应
- 给出一项人口的、一项经济的与一项文化政治的效应,并且每一项都要给出两岸的情况。
- 那是六句短陈述,而 CED 每一句都提供了。
- 同时点出一项延续——原住民社会存续并进行抵抗——正是使这份答案不至于读起来像抹除的东西。
Trace one crop east and one microbe west across the same water in the same generation. The first is counted in births; the second in deaths. Any answer that reports only one of them has described half an ocean.
在同一代人的时间里,追踪同一片水域上向东传的一种作物与向西传的一种微生物。前者以出生数来计;后者以死亡数来计。任何只报告其中之一的答案,都只描述了半个大洋。
Transatlantic voyages produced opposite demographic movements on the two shores — epidemics that devastated native populations against crops stimulating European population growth; economic transformation in Europe (mineral wealth facilitating the shift from feudalism to capitalism, joint-stock companies) against an extractive system in the Americas (encomienda, plantations and mining); and cultural and political change — a caste system, evolving justifications for subjugation, a European debate, and sovereignty defended by negotiation and resistance.
跨大西洋航行在两岸产生了相反的人口变动——使原住民人口锐减的流行病,对比刺激欧洲人口增长的作物;欧洲的经济转型(矿产财富促进了从封建主义向资本主义的转变、股份公司),对比美洲的榨取制度(委托监护制、种植园与采矿);以及文化与政治上的变化——一套种姓制度、为奴役辩护的不断演变的理由、一场欧洲辩论,以及通过谈判与抵抗被捍卫的主权。