Why Ships Were Sent · 为何派遣船只
Three motives, in one sentence
- European nations' efforts to explore and conquer the New World stemmed from a search for new sources of wealth, economic and military competition, and a desire to spread Christianity.
- Three motives: economic, strategic, and religious — and the CED gives no ranking among them.
- So an answer that names only gold has taken a third of the claim.
一句话里的三种动机
- 欧洲各国探索并征服新世界的努力,源于对新财富来源的寻求、经济与军事上的竞争,以及传播基督教的意愿。
- 三种动机:经济的、战略的与宗教的——而 CED 没有在它们之间排序。
- 因此只点出黄金的答案,只取了这一主张的三分之一。
Select all · 所有 three motives the CED names. · 选择CED提到的所有三个动机。
No ranking among them. · 它们之间没有排名之分。
Competition is a motive of its own
- Economic and military competition means a state may act because a rival is acting, not because the venture pays.
- That is a different logic from the search for wealth, and putting them in one list does not merge them.
- It is the same logic that will drive 7.x's imperial rivalries centuries later in any European history.
竞争本身就是一种动机
- 经济与军事上的竞争意味着一个国家可能因为对手在行动而行动,而不是因为这项事业有利可图。
- 那是与寻求财富不同的逻辑,而把它们列在同一份清单里并不会把它们合而为一。
- 在任何一部欧洲史中,数百年之后驱动帝国对抗的都是同一种逻辑。
'Economic and military competition' means a state may act because... · ‘经济和军事竞争’意味着国家可能因为...而采取行动
A different logic from the search for wealth. · 这与寻找财富的逻辑不同。
And religion is stated, not implied
- A desire to spread Christianity is listed as a cause, so it belongs in an answer whether or not it seems primary.
- 1.6 will show the same religious framework being used to argue about how non-Europeans should be treated.
- So religion appears on both sides of the encounter's moral argument, and the CED records both.
而宗教是被明说的,不是被暗示的
- 传播基督教的意愿被列为一项成因,因此无论它看上去是否首要,都应当出现在答案中。
- 1.6 将显示同一套宗教框架被用来争论应当如何对待非欧洲人。
- 因此宗教出现在这场遭遇之道德论争的两侧,而 CED 把两侧都记录了。
Economic, strategic, or religious? · 经济、战略或宗教？
Sort each motive for exploration and conquest. · 将每个探索和征服的动机进行分类。
Religion is listed as a cause, so it belongs in an answer. · 宗教被列为原因，因此它属于答案的一部分。
Whether or not it seems primary. · 无论它看起来是否为主要原因。
Competition is its own motive, not a version of the search for wealth. Economic and military competition means a state may act because a rival is acting, whether or not the venture pays — so listing all three motives is not padding, it is the claim.
竞争本身就是一种动机,不是寻求财富的一个变体。 经济与军事上的竞争意味着一个国家可能因为对手在行动而行动,无论这项事业是否有利可图——因此把三种动机都列出来不是凑数,那正是这项主张本身。
Match each item to whether it is a motive or a capacity. · 将每项与它是动机还是能力相匹配。
Motive explains why it was attempted; capacity why it could be. · 动机解释了为什么被尝试；能力解释了为什么能够实施。
Motive is not capacity
- 1.4 supplies the capacity: improvements in maritime technology and more organised methods for conducting international trade, such as joint-stock companies.
- A motive explains why a voyage was attempted; capacity explains why it could be.
- Keeping the two apart is the same distinction any imperialism question requires.
动机不是能力
- 1.4 提供了能力:航海技术的改进,以及诸如股份公司这类更有组织的国际贸易方式。
- 动机解释一次航行为何被尝试;能力解释它为何能够成行。
- 把两者分开,正是任何一道帝国主义题目都要求的那种区分。
The objective names exploration and ____ together, offering the same motives for both. · 目标名称将探索和 ____ 结合在一起，为两者提供了相同的动机。
The CED does not treat conquest as needing a separate explanation. · CED并未认为征服需要单独的解释。
Causes of exploration and conquest
- The objective names exploration and conquest together, so the same motives are being offered for both.
- That is worth noticing: the CED does not treat conquest as a later development requiring a separate explanation.
- An answer should give at least two of the three motives and say how they reinforced each other.
探索与征服的成因
- 这一目标把探索与征服并列,因此同样的动机被同时用来解释两者。
- 这一点值得注意:CED 并没有把征服当作一项需要另行解释的后来发展。
- 答案应当至少给出三种动机中的两种,并说明它们如何相互强化。
A council approves a voyage that its own accountants expect to lose money, because a neighbouring kingdom has approved one. The ledger says the decision was irrational. The map says it was not.
一个议事会批准了一次连自己的账房都预计会亏钱的航行,因为邻国的王国批准了一次。账本说这个决定不理性。地图说它并非如此。
European nations' efforts to explore and conquer the New World stemmed from a search for new sources of wealth, economic and military competition, and a desire to spread Christianity — economic, strategic and religious motives, unranked. Competition is its own logic; religion is stated, not implied; and motive is not capacity, which 1.4 supplies as maritime technology and joint-stock companies.
欧洲各国探索并征服新世界的努力,源于对新财富来源的寻求、经济与军事上的竞争,以及传播基督教的意愿——经济的、战略的与宗教的动机,没有排序。竞争有其自身的逻辑;宗教是被明说的,不是被暗示的;而动机不是能力,能力由 1.4 以航海技术与股份公司的形式提供。