The Columbian Exchange · 哥伦布大交换
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| joint-stock company/dʒɔɪnt stɒk ˈkʌmpəni/ | 股份公司 | gǔ fèn gōng sī |
Crops and metals changed Europe
- The Columbian Exchange brought new crops to Europe from the Americas, stimulating European population growth, and new sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism.
- Two imports, two consequences: crops → population growth; minerals → a shift from feudalism to capitalism.
- Facilitated is careful — the CED says the metals helped a shift, not that they caused it.
作物与金属改变了欧洲
- 哥伦布大交换把新的作物从美洲带到欧洲,刺激了欧洲人口增长,也带来了新的矿产财富来源,这促进了欧洲从封建主义向资本主义的转变。
- 两类输入,两项后果:作物 → 人口增长;矿产 → 从封建主义向资本主义的转变。
- 促进了用得谨慎——CED 说这些金属推动了一次转变,而不是说它们导致了这次转变。
Match each import to Europe with its consequence. · 把每类输入欧洲之物与它的后果配对。
'Facilitated' — helped a shift, not caused it. · "促进了"——推动了一次转变,而不是导致了它。
Technology and organisation together
- Improvements in maritime technology and more organised methods for conducting international trade, such as joint-stock companies, helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas.
- A joint-stock company 股份公司 is an organisational invention, not a technical one — it spreads the risk of a voyage across many investors.
- So the CED pairs a hardware change with an institutional change, and both are required.
技术与组织并行
- 航海技术的改进,以及诸如股份公司这类更有组织的国际贸易方式,推动了欧洲与美洲经济的变化。
- 股份公司(joint-stock company)是一项组织上的发明,不是技术上的——它把一次航行的风险分摊到众多投资者身上。
- 因此 CED 把一项硬件变化与一项制度变化配成一对,而两者都是必需的。
A joint-stock company is... · 股份公司是……
The CED pairs a hardware change with an institutional one. · CED 把一项硬件变化与一项制度变化配成一对。
And epidemics that devastated populations
- Spanish exploration and conquest of the Americas were accompanied and furthered by widespread deadly epidemics that devastated native populations and by the introduction of crops and animals not found in the Americas.
- Accompanied and furthered is the CED's precise formulation: the epidemics were not the plan, and they made the conquest easier.
- Devastated is the CED's own word, and it is the central demographic fact of the period.
以及使人口锐减的流行病
- 西班牙对美洲的探索与征服,伴随着并被广泛而致命的流行病所推进,这些流行病使原住民人口锐减;同时也伴随着美洲原本没有的作物与动物的引入。
- 伴随着并被……所推进是 CED 精确的表述:这些流行病不是计划的一部分,而它们使征服变得更容易。
- 锐减(devastated)是 CED 自己的用词,而这是这一时期核心的人口事实。
Follow the Columbian Exchange as a chain · 把哥伦布大交换走成一条链
The marks are for the links, not the endpoints. · 得分点在各环节的联系上,而不在两端。
The CED says the epidemics... · CED 说这些流行病……
Not the plan, and they made conquest easier. · 不是计划的一部分,而它们使征服变得更容易。
"Accompanied and furthered" is the CED's precise formulation. The epidemics that devastated native populations were not the plan, and they made conquest easier — both halves of that are in the sentence, and dropping either misstates what happened.
"伴随着并被……所推进"是 CED 精确的表述。那些使原住民人口锐减的流行病不是计划的一部分,而它们使征服变得更容易——这两半都在句子里,丢掉任何一半都会错述所发生之事。
The CED's own word for what the epidemics did to native populations is ____. · CED 用来描述这些流行病对原住民人口所做之事的词是 ____。
The central demographic fact of the period. · 这一时期核心的人口事实。
An exchange runs both ways
- The name is accurate: crops travelled east, and crops and animals not found in the Americas travelled west.
- 1.1 had already insisted on both sides of the Atlantic, and this is where that insistence pays.
- So a strong answer gives one eastward and one westward transfer, and the consequence of each.
一场交换是双向的
- 这个名称是准确的:作物向东传,而美洲原本没有的作物与动物向西传。
- 1.1 已经强调过大西洋两岸,而这里正是那种强调兑现之处。
- 因此一份有力的答案会给出一项向东与一项向西的传递,以及各自的后果。
A strong answer gives one eastward and one westward transfer. · 一份有力的答案会给出一项向东与一项向西的传递。
The name 'exchange' is accurate; it runs both ways. · "交换"这个名称是准确的;它是双向的。
Causes and effects
- The objective is causes of the Columbian Exchange and its effect on Europe and the Americas after 1492.
- Causes: the voyages of 1.3, plus the maritime and organisational capacity named here.
- Effects: population growth and economic transformation in Europe; devastating epidemics and new crops and animals in the Americas.
成因与效果
- 这一目标是哥伦布大交换的成因,以及它在 1492 年之后对欧洲与美洲的影响。
- 成因:1.3 中的那些航行,加上这里点出的航海与组织能力。
- 效果:欧洲的人口增长与经济转型;美洲毁灭性的流行病与新的作物和动物。
A company that spreads one voyage's risk across a hundred investors can send a ship no single merchant could afford to lose. Nothing about the ship changed. What changed was who bore the loss if it never came back.
一家把一次航行的风险分摊给一百位投资者的公司,可以派出任何单个商人都赔不起的船。船本身没有任何改变。改变的是,如果它一去不回,由谁来承担损失。
The Columbian Exchange brought new crops to Europe from the Americas, stimulating European population growth, and new sources of mineral wealth, which facilitated the European shift from feudalism to capitalism. Improvements in maritime technology and more organised methods for conducting international trade, such as joint-stock companies, helped drive changes to economies in Europe and the Americas. Spanish conquest was accompanied and furthered by widespread deadly epidemics that devastated native populations and by crops and animals not found in the Americas.
哥伦布大交换把新的作物从美洲带到欧洲,刺激了欧洲人口增长,也带来了新的矿产财富来源,这促进了欧洲从封建主义向资本主义的转变。 航海技术的改进,以及诸如股份公司这类更有组织的国际贸易方式,推动了欧洲与美洲经济的变化。西班牙的征服伴随着并被广泛而致命、使原住民人口锐减的流行病所推进,也伴随着美洲原本没有的作物与动物。