Four Ways to Live on a Continent · 在大陆上生活的四种方式
Maize, and what followed it
- The spread of maize cultivation from present-day Mexico northward into the present-day American Southwest and beyond supported economic development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification among societies.
- One crop, four consequences — and the CED lists them in an order that reads as a chain.
- Advanced irrigation is the transforming verb of 1.1: a society changing its water supply, not merely using it.
玉米,以及随之而来的东西
- 玉米种植从今日墨西哥向北传播到今日美国西南部及更远地区,支撑了经济发展、定居、先进的灌溉,以及诸社会内部的社会分化。
- 一种作物,四项后果——而 CED 列出它们的顺序读起来像一条链。
- 先进的灌溉正是 1.1 中那个改造性的动词:一个社会改变它的水源供应,而不只是使用它。
Select all · 所有 four things maize cultivation supported. · 选择玉米种植支撑的所有四项内容。
One crop, four consequences, listed as a chain. · 一种作物，四种后果，按链条列出。
Aridity produced mobility
- Societies responded to the aridity of the Great Basin and the grasslands of the western Great Plains by developing largely mobile lifestyles.
- Responded to makes this an adaptation — the environmental constraint is real and the response is a choice.
- Largely mobile is careful: not wholly, and the CED does not overstate.
干旱产生了流动性
- 诸社会通过发展以流动为主的生活方式,回应了大盆地的干旱与西部大平原的草原环境。
- 回应了使之成为一种适应——环境上的约束是真实的,而回应是一种选择。
- 以流动为主用得谨慎:不是全然如此,而 CED 没有夸大。
Aridity and grasslands produced... · 干旱和草原产生了...
'Responded to' makes this an adaptation. · ‘对...做出反应’表明这是一种适应。
Mixed economies produced villages
- In the Northeast, the Mississippi River Valley, and along the Atlantic seaboard, some societies developed mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies that favoured the development of permanent villages.
- Some societies, not all — the CED qualifies inside a region as well as between regions.
- Favoured describes a tendency, and the mechanism is that a mixed economy does not require the whole group to move.
混合经济产生了村落
- 在东北部、密西西比河谷以及大西洋沿岸,一些社会发展出农业与狩猎采集相混合的经济,这有利于永久村落的形成。
- 是一些社会,不是全部——CED 在区域之间与区域之内都作了限定。
- 有利于描述的是一种倾向,而其机制在于:混合经济并不要求整个群体迁移。
The Northwest case shows that... · 西北部的案例表明...
The resource base is what decides. · 资源基础才是决定性因素。
The Northwest breaks the easy rule. Those societies supported themselves by hunting and gathering, and in some areas developed settled communities supported by the vast resources of the ocean — so farming does not equal settlement and foraging does not equal mobility; the resource base decides.
西北部打破了那条简易规则。那些社会以狩猎采集为生,并在一些地区发展出由海洋丰富资源所支撑的定居社群——因此农耕不等于定居,采集也不等于流动;决定性的是资源基础。
Which regional pattern? · 哪种区域模式？
Sort each description into the CED's four regions. · 将每种描述归入 CED 的四个区域。
The CED says ____ societies in the Northeast developed mixed economies — it qualifies within a region. · CED指出____东北地区的社会发展出了混合经济——这是在区域内部进行的限定。
Not all, and not only between regions. · 并非全部，也不仅仅是在区域之间。
The ocean supported settlement too
- Societies in the Northwest and present-day California supported themselves by hunting and gathering, and in some areas developed settled communities supported by the vast resources of the ocean.
- This is the case that breaks the easy rule — hunting and gathering here supports settled communities.
- So the pattern is not farming = settled, foraging = mobile; the resource base is what decides.
海洋同样支撑了定居
- 西北部与今日加利福尼亚的诸社会以狩猎采集为生,并在一些地区发展出由海洋丰富资源所支撑的定居社群。
- 这正是打破那条简易规则的例子——在这里,狩猎采集支撑了定居社群。
- 因此模式并非农耕等于定居、采集等于流动;决定性的是资源基础。
Advanced irrigation is an example of 1.1's 'transforming' verb. · 先进的灌溉是1.1中“改造”动词的一个例子。
A society changing its water supply, not merely using it. · 一个改变其水资源的社会，而不仅仅是使用它。
How and why, by region
- The objective asks how and why various native populations interacted with the natural environment.
- How: cultivation and irrigation, mobility, mixed economies, and ocean-based settlement.
- Why: because each region offered a different resource base, and the CED matches four responses to four settings.
按区域回答如何与为何
- 这一目标追问各原住民人口如何以及为何与自然环境互动。
- 如何:耕作与灌溉、流动、混合经济,以及以海洋为基础的定居。
- 为何:因为每个区域提供了不同的资源基础,而 CED 把四种回应与四种环境相配。
Two societies both stay in one place all year. One does so because it planted a field; the other because the fish come to it. The reason is different, the outcome is the same, and a rule that predicts only one of them is not a rule.
两个社会都整年待在一个地方。其中一个是因为它种了一片田;另一个是因为鱼会自己游来。原因不同,结果相同,而一条只能预测其中之一的规则,算不上规则。
Maize spreading from present-day Mexico northward supported economic development, settlement, advanced irrigation, and social diversification; societies responded to the aridity of the Great Basin and the grasslands of the western Great Plains by developing largely mobile lifestyles; in the Northeast, Mississippi Valley and Atlantic seaboard, mixed agricultural and hunter-gatherer economies favoured permanent villages; and Northwest and Californian societies lived by hunting and gathering, some in settled communities supported by the vast resources of the ocean.
玉米从今日墨西哥向北传播,支撑了经济发展、定居、先进的灌溉与社会分化;诸社会通过发展以流动为主的生活方式,回应了大盆地的干旱与西部大平原的草原环境;在东北部、密西西比河谷与大西洋沿岸,农业与狩猎采集相混合的经济有利于永久村落;而西北部与加利福尼亚的社会以狩猎采集为生,其中一些身处由海洋丰富资源支撑的定居社群。