Before Anyone Crossed · 任何人穿越之前
Two claims open the course
- As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments.
- Contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean.
- The first is about a continent before contact; the second is about what contact did to both sides.
两项主张开启本课程
- 随着原住民人口在漫长时间里迁徙并定居于北美洲广袤的地域,他们通过适应并改造多样的环境,发展出各自不同且日益复杂的社会。
- 欧洲人、美洲原住民与非洲人之间的接触,带来了哥伦布大交换,以及大西洋两岸重大的社会、文化与政治变化。
- 第一项关乎接触之前的一块大陆;第二项关乎接触对双方做了什么。
Select both · 两者 claims that open the course. · 选择两个开启课程的论点。
One about the continent before contact, one about what contact did. · 一个关于接触前的大陆，一个关于接触带来的影响。
'Distinct and increasingly complex' is doing work
- Distinct rules out treating the continent's peoples as one society, and 1.2 will give four different regional patterns.
- Increasingly complex rules out treating them as static before 1492.
- So the first claim is an argument against two common simplifications, made before the course starts.
"各自不同且日益复杂"在起作用
- 各自不同排除了把这块大陆的诸民族当作一个社会来处理,而 1.2 将给出四种不同的区域模式。
- 日益复杂排除了把他们当作 1492 年之前静止不变来处理。
- 因此第一项主张,是在课程开始之前就提出的、针对两种常见简化的论证。
'Distinct' rules out... · '独特' 排除了...
And 'increasingly complex' rules out treating them as static. · 而 '日益复杂' 排除了视其为静态的观点。
Adapting and transforming
- The CED gives two verbs, and they point in opposite directions: environments shaped societies, and societies shaped environments.
- So an answer that describes only what the land allowed has taken half the sentence.
- 1.2's irrigation is the clearest case of the second verb — a society changing the water, not only using it.
适应并改造
- CED 给出了两个动词,而它们指向相反的方向:环境塑造社会,社会也塑造环境。
- 因此只描述这片土地允许什么的答案,只取了这句话的一半。
- 1.2 中的灌溉是第二个动词最清晰的例子——一个社会改变了水,而不只是使用它。
Which condition of the encounter? · 相遇的哪个条件？
Sort each element of the context. · 对上下文的每个元素进行归类。
Select both · 两者 verbs the CED uses for the relationship with environments. · 选择 CED 用于描述与环境关系的两个动词。
They point in opposite directions. · 它们指向相反的方向。
"Adapting to and transforming" gives two verbs pointing opposite ways. Environments shaped societies, and societies shaped environments — so an answer describing only what the land allowed has taken half of the CED's opening sentence.
**"适应并改造"给出了两个方向相反的动词。**环境塑造社会,社会也塑造环境——因此只描述这片土地允许什么的答案,只取了 CED 开篇那句话的一半。
Select all · 所有 three groups the CED names in its second claim. · 选择 CED 第二论点中提到的所有三个群体。
A three-sided frame from the first sentence of the course. · 源自课程第一句的三方框架。
'On both sides of the Atlantic'
- The second claim refuses a one-directional story: Europe changed too, and 1.4 will say how.
- It also names three groups — Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans — from the first sentence of the course.
- So the CED's frame is three-sided and two-directional before any event is described.
"大西洋两岸"
- 第二项主张拒绝一个单向的故事:欧洲也改变了,而 1.4 将说明是如何改变的。
- 它还点出了三个群体——欧洲人、美洲原住民与非洲人——从本课程的第一句话开始。
- 因此在任何事件被描述之前,CED 的框架就已是三方的、双向的。
The Columbian Exchange produced significant changes on ____ sides of the Atlantic. · 哥伦布大交换在____两侧大西洋沿岸产生了显著变化。
It refuses a one-directional story. · 它拒绝单向的故事叙述。
Writing the context
- The objective is the context for European encounters in the Americas from 1491 to 1607.
- Conditions: diverse and complex societies already in place, European motives and maritime capacity, and West African commercial networks.
- Name each and what it made possible — a context paragraph is three sentences, not a narrative.
书写语境
- 这一目标是1491 至 1607 年间欧洲人在美洲遭遇的语境。
- 条件:多样而复杂的社会业已存在、欧洲的动机与航海能力,以及西非的商业网络。
- 点出每一项以及它使什么成为可能——一段语境文字是三句话,不是一段叙事。
A society that digs a canal has not simply fitted itself to a dry place; it has made the place different. Reading only the first half of that leaves you with a continent where nothing was decided by the people living on it.
一个挖了水渠的社会,并不只是让自己适应了一个干旱的地方;它使这个地方变得不同了。只读这句话的前一半,你就会得到一块大陆,在那里,居住其上的人们什么也没有决定。
As native populations migrated and settled across the vast expanse of North America over time, they developed distinct and increasingly complex societies by adapting to and transforming their diverse environments, and contact among Europeans, Native Americans, and Africans resulted in the Columbian Exchange and significant social, cultural, and political changes on both sides of the Atlantic Ocean. Three groups, two directions, and two verbs for the human relationship with the land.
随着原住民人口在漫长时间里迁徙并定居于北美洲广袤的地域,他们通过适应并改造多样的环境,发展出各自不同且日益复杂的社会,而欧洲人、美洲原住民与非洲人之间的接触,带来了哥伦布大交换,以及大西洋两岸重大的社会、文化与政治变化。三个群体、两个方向,以及描述人与土地关系的两个动词。