The Demographic Transition Model · 人口转变模型
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| Demographic Transition Model/ˌdeməˈɡræfɪk trænˈsɪʃn ˈmɒdl/ | 人口转变模型 | rén kǒu zhuǎn biàn mó xíng |
| epidemiological transition/ˌepɪˌdemɪəˈlɒdʒɪkl trænˈsɪʃn/ | 流行病学转变 | liú xíng bìng xué zhuǎn biàn |
A model of population change
- The Demographic Transition Model (DTM) 人口转变模型 shows how birth and death rates change as a country develops.
- It has five stages, from pre-industrial to post-industrial.
- The gap between the two rates is the population boom or decline.
人口变化的模型
- 人口转变模型(Demographic Transition Model, DTM)显示随着国家发展,出生率和死亡率如何变化。
- 它有五个阶段,从工业化前到后工业化。
- 两个比率之间的差距就是人口的激增或下降。
Death rate falls first
- Stage 1: high, fluctuating birth and death rates; slow growth.
- Stage 2: death rate falls (food, medicine, sanitation) but births stay high — population booms.
- Stage 3: birth rate falls (education, urbanisation, women working) — growth slows.
死亡率先下降
- 第 1 阶段:出生率和死亡率都高且波动;增长缓慢。
- 第 2 阶段:死亡率下降(食物、医药、卫生),但出生率仍高——人口激增。
- 第 3 阶段:出生率下降(教育、城市化、妇女工作)——增长放缓。
In Stage 2, the population booms mainly because... · 在第2阶段，人口激增主要是因为……
Falling deaths + still-high births open a wide gap → the boom. · 死亡率下降 + 出生率仍高 → 差距扩大 → 人口激增。
Select all · 所有 reasons the birth rate falls in Stage 3. · 选择所有导致第3阶段出生率下降的原因。
Education, urbanisation, and schooling all lower fertility; a rising death rate does not. · 教育、城市化和就学都会降低生育率；死亡率上升不会。
Stability and decline
- Stage 4: low birth and death rates; population stable and large.
- Stage 5: birth rate falls below death rate; population declines and ages.
- The linked epidemiological transition 流行病学转变 shifts deaths from infectious to chronic disease.
稳定与下降
- 第 4 阶段:出生率和死亡率都低;人口稳定且庞大。
- 第 5 阶段:出生率降到死亡率以下;人口下降并老龄化。
- 相关的流行病学转变(epidemiological transition)使死因从传染病转向慢性病。
Which DTM stage? · 哪个DTM阶段？
Sort each description into its DTM stage. · 将每个描述归类到相应的DTM阶段。
In Stage 5, the birth rate falls below the death rate, so the population declines. · 在第5阶段，出生率低于死亡率，因此人口减少。
Stage 5 = births below deaths → an ageing, shrinking population. · 第5阶段 = 出生率低于死亡率 → 老龄化、萎缩的人口。
The shift of the main causes of death from infectious to chronic disease is the ____ transition. · 主要死因从传染病向慢性病的转变是____转变。
The epidemiological transition accompanies the DTM. · 流行病学转变伴随着DTM发生。
Put the DTM changes in the order they happen. · 按发生顺序排列DTM的变化。
Death rate always falls before the birth rate in the DTM. · 在DTM中，死亡率总是在出生率之前下降。
A key exam point: in Stage 2, the population booms because the death rate falls while births stay high — not because births rise. Growth is fastest when the gap between the two rates is widest, not when births are highest.
一个关键考点:在第 2 阶段,人口激增是因为死亡率下降而出生率仍高——不是因为出生率上升。当两个比率的差距最大时增长最快,而不是出生率最高时。
In the 1800s, Britain entered Stage 2: sanitation and food cut the death rate, but families were still large. The population soared. Later (Stage 3), as women worked and children went to school not the fields, birth rates fell and growth slowed.
19 世纪,英国进入第 2 阶段:卫生和食物降低了死亡率,但家庭仍然庞大。人口猛增。后来(第 3 阶段),随着妇女工作、孩子上学而非下地,出生率下降,增长放缓。
The DTM has five stages. The death rate falls first (Stage 2, population boom), then the birth rate falls (Stage 3, slowing). Stage 4 is stable; Stage 5 declines. The epidemiological transition shifts causes of death from infectious to chronic disease.
DTM 有五个阶段。死亡率先下降(第 2 阶段,人口激增),然后出生率下降(第 3 阶段,放缓)。第 4 阶段稳定;第 5 阶段下降。流行病学转变使死因从传染病转向慢性病。