Human-Environmental Interaction · 人地相互作用
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| environmental determinism/enˌvaɪrənˈmentl dɪˈtɜːmɪnɪzəm/ | 环境决定论 | huán jìng jué dìng lùn |
| possibilism/ˈpɒsɪbɪlɪzəm/ | 可能论 | kě néng lùn |
| cultural landscape/ˈkʌltʃərəl ˈlændskeɪp/ | 文化景观 | wén huà jǐng guān |
People and place shape each other
- Humans depend on the environment, and change it, everywhere they live.
- How much the environment controls people has been argued for a century.
- Two big ideas answer this: environmental determinism and possibilism.
人与地相互塑造
- 无论人类住在哪里,都依赖环境并改变它。
- 环境到底在多大程度上控制人,这一点争论了一个世纪。
- 两大观点回答了它:环境决定论和可能论。
Environmental determinism
- Environmental determinism 环境决定论 claimed the physical environment decides how a culture develops.
- For example, it wrongly said hot climates make people less productive.
- This idea is now rejected — it was used to justify unfair prejudice.
环境决定论
- 环境决定论(environmental determinism)声称自然环境决定了一种文化如何发展。
- 比如,它错误地说炎热气候使人生产力低下。
- 这一观点如今已被否定——它曾被用来为不公的偏见辩护。
Possibilism
- Possibilism 可能论 is the accepted view: the environment sets limits, but people choose how to respond.
- Technology and culture let people overcome many environmental limits.
- Deserts get irrigation; cold places get heating; rivers get bridges.
可能论
- 可能论(possibilism)是被接受的观点:环境设定限制,但人选择如何应对。
- 技术和文化让人克服许多环境限制。
- 沙漠有灌溉;寒冷地区有供暖;河流上架起桥。
Determinism or possibilism? · 环境决定论还是可能论？
Sort each statement as environmental determinism (rejected) or possibilism (accepted). · 将每个陈述归类为环境决定论（被否定）或可能论（被接受）。
Possibilism argues that the environment... · 可能论认为环境……
Possibilism: the environment limits options, but human choice and technology decide the outcome. · 可能论：环境限制了选项，但人类的选择和技术决定了结果。
Environmental determinism is rejected today, not just old-fashioned. It ignored human choice and was used to excuse racism and colonialism. On the exam, treat it as a discredited idea and contrast it with possibilism.
环境决定论如今是被否定的,而不只是过时。它忽视了人的选择,并被用来为种族主义和殖民主义开脱。考试中要把它当作被否定的观点,并与可能论对比。
Environmental determinism is the modern, accepted view in geography. · 环境决定论是现代地理学中已被接受的观点。
It is · 它是 rejected; possibilism is the accepted view. · 该观点被否定；可能论是被接受的观点。
The visible human mark on the land — farms, cities, roads — is the cultural . · 可见的人类对土地的印记——农田、城市、道路——即文化。
The cultural landscape records a culture's values on the land. · 文化景观记录了文化在土地上的价值观。
Select all · 所有 examples of possibilism. · 选择所有可能论的例子。
The first three show people choosing within limits; the last is determinism. · 前三项展示了人们在限制内做出选择；最后一项是决定论。
Match each idea to its status/meaning. · 将每个理念与其状态/含义进行匹配。
Determinism is rejected; possibilism accepted; the cultural landscape is the visible result. · 决定论被否定；可能论被接受；文化景观是可见的结果。
The cultural landscape
- The cultural landscape 文化景观 is the visible mark humans leave on the land.
- Farms, cities, roads, and signs all record a culture's values.
- Sustainability asks how to use resources without using them up.
文化景观
- 文化景观(cultural landscape)是人类在土地上留下的可见印记。
- 农田、城市、道路和标志都记录着一种文化的价值观。
- 可持续性追问如何在不耗尽资源的情况下使用它们。
The Netherlands sits partly below sea level. Environmental determinism would predict no one could live there. Possibilism explains what really happened: the Dutch built dikes and pumps and chose to reclaim the land — human choice overcoming an environmental limit.
荷兰有一部分在海平面以下。环境决定论会预测那里没人能住。可能论解释了真实发生的事:荷兰人修堤坝、建抽水系统,选择把土地围垦出来——人的选择克服了环境限制。
Environmental determinism (environment decides culture) is rejected; possibilism (environment sets limits, people choose) is accepted. The cultural landscape is the visible result of this interaction, and sustainability is about using resources wisely.
环境决定论(环境决定文化)已被否定;可能论(环境设限、人来选择)被接受。文化景观是这种互动的可见结果,而可持续性关乎明智地使用资源。