Introduction to Maps · 地图介绍
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| map/mæp/ | 地图 | dì tú |
| reference map/ˈrefrəns mæp/ | 参考地图 | cān kǎo dì tú |
| thematic map/θiːˈmætɪk mæp/ | 专题地图 | zhuān tí dì tú |
| projection/prəˈdʒekʃn/ | 投影 | tóu yǐng |
| spatial pattern/ˈspeɪʃl ˈpætn/ | 空间格局 | kōng jiān gé jú |
| clustered/ˈklʌstəd/ | 聚集 | jù jí |
| dispersed/dɪˈspɜːst/ | 分散 | fēn sàn |
Every map is a choice
- A map 地图 is a flat picture of part of the round Earth.
- You cannot show a whole sphere on flat paper without changing something.
- So every map leaves things out and stretches others — it is selective.
每一张地图都是一种选择
- 地图(map)是圆圆的地球某一部分的平面图。
- 你无法把一个完整的球面画在平纸上而不做改动。
- 所以每张地图都会省略一些东西、拉伸另一些——它是有选择的。
Two families of map
- A reference map 参考地图 shows fixed locations — roads, borders, cities.
- A thematic map 专题地图 shows how one thing changes across space — rainfall, income, population.
- AP Human Geography uses thematic maps all the time.
两大类地图
- 参考地图(reference map)显示固定的位置——道路、边界、城市。
- 专题地图(thematic map)显示某一个变量在空间上如何变化——降雨、收入、人口。
- AP 人文地理经常用专题地图。
Reference map or thematic map? · 参考地图还是专题地图？
Sort each map as a reference map (shows locations) or a thematic map (shows a variable). · 将每张地图分类为参考地图（显示位置）或专题地图（显示变量）。
A map that shades each country by its literacy rate is a... · 根据识字率对每个国家着色的地图是……
It shows how one variable (literacy) varies across space — a thematic map. · 它展示了单一变量（识字率）如何在空间上变化——这是一张专题地图。
Match each map to what it mainly shows. · 将每张地图与其主要展示的内容相匹配。
Reference = locations; thematic = a variable; Mercator = direction (with area distortion). · 参考=位置；专题=变量；墨卡托=方向（伴有面积扭曲）。
Projections distort
- A projection 投影 is the method used to flatten the globe onto paper.
- Every projection distorts shape, area, distance, or direction — you can never keep all four.
- The Mercator projection keeps direction (good for sailing) but makes polar areas look huge.
投影会扭曲
- 投影(projection)是把地球仪压平到纸面上的方法。
- 每种投影都会扭曲形状、面积、距离或方向——你永远无法四者兼得。
- 墨卡托(Mercator)投影保持方向正确(利于航海),却让极地地区看起来非常大。
It is possible to draw a flat map with no distortion at all. · 绘制一张完全没有变形的平面地图是不可能的。
Flattening a sphere always distorts shape, area, distance, or direction — you can never keep all four. · 将球面展平总会扭曲形状、面积、距离或方向——你永远无法同时保持全部四项。
The ____ projection keeps direction correct but greatly enlarges areas near the poles. · ____投影保持了方向正确，但极大地放大了两极附近的区域。
Mercator preserves direction for navigation but distorts area badly at high latitudes. · 墨卡托投影保留了导航所需的方位，但在高纬度地区严重扭曲了面积。
A map is never neutral. Because every map is selective and distorted, it can inform or mislead. Always ask: who made it, what did they choose to show, and what did they leave out?
地图从来不是中立的。因为每张地图都是有选择的、被扭曲的,它既能告知,也能误导。永远要问:是谁做的、他们选择显示什么、又省略了什么?
Reading patterns on a map
- A spatial pattern 空间格局 is how things are arranged on the map.
- Points can be clustered 聚集 (bunched), dispersed 分散 (spread out), or linear (in a line).
- Maps also show distance and direction, both absolute (exact) and relative (compared to other places).
读懂地图上的格局
- 空间格局(spatial pattern)是事物在地图上如何排布。
- 点可以是聚集(clustered)的、分散(dispersed)的,或线性(在一条线上)的。
- 地图也显示距离和方向,既有绝对的(精确的),也有相对的(与其他地方相比)。
Select all · 所有 spatial patterns points can form on a map. · 选择地图上点可以形成的所有空间模式。
Points can be clustered, dispersed, or linear; "invisible" is not a spatial pattern. · 点可以是聚集的、分散的或线性的；“不可见”不是空间模式。
On a Mercator map, Greenland looks about the same size as Africa. In reality Africa is about 14 times larger. The projection stretches areas near the poles enormously — a perfect example of distortion.
在墨卡托地图上,格陵兰看起来和非洲差不多大。实际上非洲大约是它的14 倍。这种投影把靠近两极的面积拉得极大——这是扭曲的完美例子。
A map flattens the round Earth, so every map is selective and uses a projection that distorts shape, area, distance, or direction. Reference maps show locations; thematic maps show a variable. Reading the spatial pattern is the first step in explaining why it exists.
地图把圆圆的地球压平,所以每张地图都是有选择的,并使用会扭曲形状、面积、距离或方向的投影。参考地图显示位置;专题地图显示某个变量。读懂空间格局是解释它为何存在的第一步。