Generalist and Specialist Species · 广适性物种与特化物种
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| generalist/ˈdʒenərəlɪst/ | 广适性 | guǎng shì xìng |
| specialist/ˈspeʃəlɪst/ | 特化 | tè huà |
| niche/niːʃ/ | 生态位 | shēng tài wèi |
Jack of all trades, or master of one
- A raccoon eats almost anything and lives almost anywhere.
- A panda eats almost only bamboo.
- These two ways of life are called generalist and specialist.
- Which strategy a species uses shapes how it copes with change.
样样通,还是一门精
- 浣熊几乎什么都吃,几乎哪里都住。
- 大熊猫几乎只吃竹子。
- 这两种生活方式叫做广适性和特化。
- 一个物种用哪种策略,塑造了它如何应对变化。
A species' niche
- A niche 生态位 is a species' role — what it eats, where it lives, and the conditions it needs.
- A wide niche means many foods and habitats.
- A narrow niche means only a few, very specific ones.
- The width of the niche sorts species into two types.
一个物种的生态位
- 一个生态位(niche)是一个物种的角色——它吃什么、住在哪里、需要什么条件。
- 宽的生态位意味着许多食物和栖息地。
- 窄的生态位意味着只有少数、非常特定的。
- 生态位的宽度把物种分成两种类型。
A species' niche is… · 一个物种的生态位是……
A niche is a species' role — what it eats, where it lives, and the conditions it needs. · 生态位是一个物种的角色——它吃什么、住在哪里、需要什么条件。
Generalists: wide niche
- A generalist 广适性 uses a wide range of resources.
- It can eat many foods and live in many places.
- Raccoons, rats, and humans are all generalists.
- This flexibility lets them thrive in changing conditions.
广适性物种:宽生态位
- 一个广适性物种(generalist)使用广泛的资源。
- 它能吃许多食物、住在许多地方。
- 浣熊、老鼠和人类都是广适性物种。
- 这种灵活性让它们在变化的条件下繁盛。
A generalist species… · 一个广适性物种……
A generalist has a wide niche — it can eat many foods and live in many places. · 广适性物种有一个宽的生态位——它能吃许多食物、住在许多地方。
A species with a narrow niche, using very few resources, is a . · 一个生态位窄、使用极少资源的物种是一个。
A specialist uses a narrow set of resources — like a panda that eats almost only bamboo. · 特化物种使用一小组资源——像几乎只吃竹子的大熊猫。
Specialists: narrow niche
- A specialist 特化 uses a narrow range of resources.
- A panda eats almost only bamboo; a koala eats only eucalyptus.
- In a stable habitat, specialists can be very successful.
- But if their one resource disappears, they are in serious trouble.
特化物种:窄生态位
- 一个特化物种(specialist)使用狭窄的资源。
- 大熊猫几乎只吃竹子;考拉只吃桉树。
- 在稳定的栖息地里,特化物种可以非常成功。
- 但如果它们唯一的资源消失,它们就陷入严重的麻烦。
Generalist or specialist? · 广适性还是特化?
Sort each species by whether it uses a wide range of resources (generalist) or a narrow one (specialist). · 按照每个物种使用广泛的资源(广适性)还是狭窄的资源(特化),给它们分类。
Generalists usually cope better with environmental change than specialists. · 广适性物种通常比特化物种更能应对环境变化。
With flexible needs, generalists adapt to change; specialists can lose their one resource. · 需求灵活,广适性物种能适应变化;特化物种可能失去它们唯一的资源。
Select all · 所有 true statements about generalists and specialists. · 选出关于广适性和特化物种的所有正确说法。
Specialists are more at risk from change, not less. The other three are correct. · 特化物种面对变化风险更大,而不是更小。其余三条正确。
Specialists are more vulnerable to change, not less. A generalist that eats many things simply switches food when one runs out. A specialist tied to a single resource has nowhere to turn — which is why so many endangered species are specialists.
特化物种面对变化更脆弱,而不是更不脆弱。吃许多东西的广适性物种在一样东西用完时就换食物。一个绑在单一资源上的特化物种无处可去——这就是为什么这么多濒危物种是特化物种。
Why pandas are endangered:
- Pandas are extreme specialists: bamboo makes up almost their entire diet.
- When bamboo forests are cleared, the pandas have nothing else to eat.
- A generalist could switch foods, but the panda's narrow niche leaves it with no options — putting it at high risk.
大熊猫为什么濒危:
- 大熊猫是极端的特化物种:竹子几乎构成它们的全部饮食。
- 当竹林被清除,大熊猫就没有别的可吃。
- 广适性物种能换食物,但大熊猫窄的生态位让它没有选择——把它置于高风险。
A species' niche is its role and the range of resources it uses. A generalist has a wide niche (many foods and habitats) and copes well with change; a specialist has a narrow niche (few resources) and thrives in stable habitats but is far more vulnerable when its resource disappears.
一个物种的生态位是它的角色和它使用的资源范围。一个广适性物种有宽的生态位(许多食物和栖息地),能很好地应对变化;一个特化物种有窄的生态位(少数资源),在稳定的栖息地里繁盛,但当它的资源消失时脆弱得多。