Ecological Succession · 生态演替
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| ecological succession/ˌekəˈlɒdʒɪkl səkˈseʃn/ | 生态演替 | shēng tài yǎn tì |
| primary succession/ˈpraɪməri səkˈseʃn/ | 初级演替 | chū jí yǎn tì |
| secondary succession/ˈsekəndəri səkˈseʃn/ | 次级演替 | cì jí yǎn tì |
| pioneer species/paɪəˈnɪə ˈspiːsiːz/ | 先锋物种 | xiān fēng wù zhǒng |
| climax community/ˈklaɪmæks kəˈmjuːnɪti/ | 顶极群落 | dǐng jí qún luò |
From bare ground to forest
- After a fire or a landslide, the land looks lifeless.
- But life returns, step by step, in a predictable order.
- Over years, bare ground can become a full forest.
- This gradual rebuilding is called ecological succession.
从裸露的地面到森林
- 一场火或一次滑坡之后,土地看起来毫无生机。
- 但生命一步步地、以可预测的顺序回归。
- 经过数年,裸露的地面能变成一片完整的森林。
- 这种逐渐的重建叫做生态演替。
Two kinds of succession
- Ecological succession 生态演替 is the gradual change of a community over time.
- Primary succession 初级演替 starts on bare rock with no soil — like a new volcanic island.
- Secondary succession 次级演替 starts where soil (and often seeds) survive — like after a fire.
- Because it keeps its soil, secondary succession is much faster.
两种演替
- 生态演替(ecological succession)是一个群落随时间的逐渐变化。
- 初级演替(primary succession)在没有土壤的裸岩上开始——像一座新的火山岛。
- 次级演替(secondary succession)在土壤(常常还有种子)幸存的地方开始——像火灾之后。
- 因为它保留着土壤,次级演替快得多。
Ecological succession is… · 生态演替是……
Succession is the step-by-step change of a community from bare ground toward a mature state. · 演替是一个群落从裸露地面向成熟状态一步步的变化。
Pioneers break the ground
- The first arrivals are the pioneer species 先锋物种.
- Tough organisms like lichens and mosses colonise bare rock.
- They slowly break down rock and build the first thin soil.
- This prepares the ground for larger plants to follow.
先锋打破地面
- 最先到达的是先锋物种(pioneer species)。
- 像地衣和苔藓这样坚韧的生物定植裸岩。
- 它们慢慢地分解岩石,构建最初薄薄的土壤。
- 这为随后更大的植物准备了地面。
How a community rebuilds · 一个群落如何重建
Step through succession - bare ground is colonised, then slowly develops into a mature community. · 一步步走过演替——裸露的地面被定植,然后慢慢发展成一个成熟的群落。
What is the difference between primary · 第一产业 (primary) and secondary · 第二产业 (secondary) succession? · 原生演替和次生演替有什么区别?
Primary succession starts on bare rock with no soil; secondary · 第二产业 (secondary) starts where soil (and seeds) survive. · 原生演替在没有土壤的裸岩上开始;次生在土壤(和种子)幸存的地方开始。
The first tough species to colonise bare ground are the ____ species. · 最先定植裸露地面的坚韧物种是____物种。
Pioneer species · 先锋物种 like lichens and mosses arrive first and begin building soil. · 像地衣和苔藓这样的先锋物种最先到达,开始构建土壤。
Toward a climax community
- As soil deepens, grasses arrive, then shrubs, then trees.
- Each stage changes the environment for the next.
- Finally a stable, mature climax community 顶极群落 develops.
- A mature forest is a common climax community.
走向顶极群落
- 随着土壤加深,草到达,然后灌木,然后树。
- 每个阶段都为下一个改变环境。
- 最终一个稳定、成熟的顶极群落(climax community)发展起来。
- 一片成熟的森林是一个常见的顶极群落。
Succession ends in a stable, mature community called the climax community. · 演替以一个叫做顶极群落的稳定、成熟的群落结束。
The climax community is the relatively stable end stage of succession, like a mature forest. · 顶极群落是演替相对稳定的末阶段,比如一片成熟的森林。
Select all · 所有 true statements about succession. · 选出关于演替的所有正确说法。
Succession takes years to centuries, not a single day. The other three are correct. · 演替需要数年到数百年,不是一天。其余三条正确。
Do not confuse the two starting points. Primary succession begins with no soil (bare rock) and is very slow. Secondary succession begins where soil survives (after a fire or flood) and is far faster, because the pioneers do not have to build soil from scratch.
不要把两个起点搞混。原生演替从没有土壤(裸岩)开始,非常慢。次生演替从土壤幸存的地方(火灾或洪水之后)开始,快得多,因为先锋不必从头构建土壤。
A forest after a fire:
- A fire clears the trees but leaves the soil and seeds behind.
- This is secondary succession: grasses and fast plants sprout within a year.
- Shrubs and young trees follow, and over decades the mature forest returns — a full climax community rebuilt.
火灾之后的森林:
- 一场火清除了树木,但留下了土壤和种子。
- 这是次级演替:草和快速生长的植物在一年内发芽。
- 灌木和幼树随后而来,经过几十年成熟的森林回归——一个完整的顶极群落被重建。
Ecological succession is the gradual change of a community over time. Primary succession starts on bare rock with no soil (slow); secondary succession starts where soil survives (faster). Pioneer species colonise first and build soil, and succession ends in a stable climax community like a forest.
生态演替是一个群落随时间的逐渐变化。初级演替在没有土壤的裸岩上开始(慢);次级演替在土壤幸存的地方开始(更快)。先锋物种最先定植并构建土壤,演替以一个稳定的顶极群落(比如森林)结束。