Energy Flow and the 10% Rule · 能量流动与10%定律
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| energy pyramid/ˈenədʒi ˈpɪrəmɪd/ | 能量金字塔 | néng liàng jīn zì tǎ |
Energy leaks away
- Energy enters an ecosystem from the Sun and flows up the food chain.
- But at every step, most of it is lost.
- Only a small fraction reaches the next level.
- This steady loss shapes the whole structure of an ecosystem.
能量漏走
- 能量从太阳进入生态系统,沿食物链向上流动。
- 但在每一步,它的大部分都损失了。
- 只有一小部分到达下一个级别。
- 这种持续的损失塑造了整个生态系统的结构。
The 10% rule
- The 10% rule says only about 10% of energy passes to the next trophic level.
- If producers hold 10,000 units, primary consumers get about 1,000.
- Secondary consumers get about 100, and so on.
- Each step up loses about 90% of the energy.
10% 定律
- 10% 定律说只有大约 10% 的能量传到下一个营养级。
- 如果生产者持有 10,000 单位,初级消费者得到大约 1,000。
- 次级消费者得到大约 100,如此继续。
- 每往上一步就损失大约 90% 的能量。
According to the 10% rule, how much energy passes to the next trophic level? · 根据 10% 定律,有多少能量传到下一个营养级?
The 10% rule: only about 10% of the energy at one level passes to the next. · 10% 定律:一个级别的能量只有大约 10% 传到下一个。
Where the energy goes
- Most lost energy leaves as heat during respiration.
- More is lost in waste and in parts that are never eaten.
- None of it is destroyed — it just becomes unusable heat.
- So energy makes a one-way trip and is not recycled.
能量去哪了
- 大部分损失的能量在呼吸时作为热离开。
- 更多在废物中、以及在从未被吃掉的部分中损失。
- 它没有一点被摧毁——它只是变成不可用的热。
- 所以能量走的是单程,不被循环利用。
The 10% rule · 10% 定律
Drag the energy the producers capture and watch only about a tenth pass up each level. · 拖动生产者捕获的能量,看只有大约十分之一在每一级向上传递。
Where does the other ~90% of the energy go? · 另外约 90% 的能量去哪了?
Most energy is lost as heat during respiration, and in waste and uneaten material. · 大部分能量在呼吸时作为热损失,以及在废物和未被吃掉的物质中损失。
If producers hold 10000 units of energy, about how many reach the secondary consumers (two levels up)? · 如果生产者持有 10000 单位能量,大约有多少到达次级消费者(向上两级)?
$10000 \times 0.1 \times 0.1 = 100$ — two steps of the 10% rule. · $10000 \times 0.1 \times 0.1 = 100$ ——10% 定律的两步。
The energy pyramid
- Stacking the levels gives an energy pyramid 能量金字塔 — wide at the bottom, tiny at the top.
- Each level holds roughly a tenth of the level below.
- This is why there is so much grass but so few lions.
- And it is why food chains rarely reach more than four or five levels.
能量金字塔
- 把各级堆叠起来给出一个能量金字塔(energy pyramid)——底部宽,顶部小。
- 每个级别持有大约下面级别的十分之一。
- 这就是为什么草那么多而狮子那么少。
- 也是为什么食物链很少超过四五级。
The 10% rule is why food chains rarely have more than four or five levels. · 10% 定律是食物链很少超过四五级的原因。
So little energy remains after a few steps that higher levels cannot be supported. · 经过几步后剩下的能量太少,以至于更高的级别无法被支持。
Select all · 所有 true statements about energy flow. · 选出关于能量流动的所有正确说法。
Energy flows one way and is lost, unlike nutrients which cycle. The other three are correct. · 能量单向流动并损失,不像养分那样循环。其余三条正确。
Energy is not recycled like nutrients. Nutrients (carbon, nitrogen) cycle round and round, but energy flows one way — in from the Sun, out as heat — and must be constantly resupplied. Never say energy "cycles" through an ecosystem.
能量不像养分那样被循环利用。养分(碳、氮)一圈又一圈地循环,但能量单向流动——从太阳进来,作为热出去——必须不断地补充。绝不要说能量在生态系统里"循环"。
Following 10,000 units of energy:
- Producers capture 10,000 units.
- Primary consumers receive about 1,000 (10%).
- Secondary consumers receive about 100, and a fourth level would get only ~10 — too little to support many top predators.
跟随 10,000 单位的能量:
- 生产者捕获 10,000 单位。
- 初级消费者收到大约 1,000(10%)。
- 次级消费者收到大约 100,而第四级只会得到约 10——太少了,支持不了很多顶级捕食者。
The 10% rule: only about 10% of energy passes to each higher trophic level, the rest lost mostly as heat. Stacking the levels gives an energy pyramid — huge at the base, tiny at the top. Because energy flows one way and is lost at each step, food chains stay short.
10% 定律:只有大约 10% 的能量传到每个更高的营养级,其余大多作为热损失。把各级堆叠起来给出一个能量金字塔——底部巨大,顶部小。因为能量单向流动、在每一步损失,食物链保持短。