Comparison, Definition and Description · 比较、定义与描写
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| description/dɪˈskrɪpʃn/ | 描写 | miáo xiě |
| comparison-contrast/kəmˈpærɪsn ˈkɒntræst/ | 比较对照 | bǐ jiào duì zhào |
| definition/ˌdefɪˈnɪʃn/ | 下定义 | xià dìng yì |
| sensory details/ˈsensəri ˈdiːteɪlz/ | 感官细节 | gǎn guān xì jié |
Two descriptions side by side are not a comparison
- Write a paragraph on A, then a paragraph on B, and you have described two things.
- A comparison needs something both are measured on.
- That shared measure is what the CED calls a category of comparison.
Two portraits hung side by side will not compare themselves; give the reader a feature to inspect.
两段并排的描写不是比较
- 先写一段 A,再写一段 B,你写出的是两样东西的描写。
- 比较需要一样两者都据以衡量的东西。
- 这一共同标尺,正是 CED 所说的比较范畴。
两幅画像并排挂着，也不会自己完成比较；你得告诉读者看哪一点。
Comparison-contrast
- Developing through comparison-contrast 比较对照, writers present a category of comparison and then examine similarities and differences within it.
- The category comes first; the two subjects are then measured on it.
- Omitting the category is the commonest way a comparison paragraph fails.
比较对照
- 通过比较对照(comparison-contrast)展开时,写作者先给出一个比较范畴,再在其中考察相似与差异。
- 范畴在先;两个对象随后据它来衡量。
- 略去范畴,是比较段落最常见的失败方式。
Which method, and is it complete? · 使用了哪种方法？是否完整？
Sort each paragraph move by the method and whether it is doing its job. · 根据方法和是否履行职能对每个段落动作进行分类。
A comparison paragraph fails most often because the writer omits... · 比较段落失败最常见的原因是作者省略了……
Without a stated category, the paragraph is two descriptions side by side. · 没有明确的类别，段落就是两段描述并列。
Select all · 所有 the methods of development covered in this lesson. · 选出本课涵盖的所有发展手法。
Narration and cause-effect were covered in Unit 3. · 叙述和因果在第3单元已涵盖。
Definition
- Developing through definition 下定义, writers relate the characteristics or features that make something what it is.
- It is far more powerful than it looks: an argument about what counts as success or fairness has moved to where the evidence can decide.
- Definition is the strongest move available when the terms of a debate are contestable.
下定义
- 通过下定义(definition)展开时,写作者陈述使某物成其所是的特征。
- 它远比看上去更有力:一场关于什么才算成功或公平的论证,已经移到了证据能作出裁决的地方。
- 当一场辩论的术语可被争议时,下定义是可用的最强动作。
An argument about what counts as success · 成功 is developed through ____. · 关于何为成功的争论通过____来展开。
Definition moves the argument to ground where the evidence can decide. · 定义将论证移至证据能够裁决的地基上。
A comparison without a stated category is two descriptions. The CED puts "present a category of comparison" first in the method for a reason — without it, a reader cannot tell what the two subjects are being measured on, and the paragraph makes no argument.
**没有说明范畴的比较,就是两段描写。**CED 把"给出一个比较范畴"放在这一方法的第一位是有原因的——没有它,读者无从判断这两个对象是据什么被衡量的,而这一段也就没有作出任何论证。
Description with no claim attached still counts as development. · 未附带论点的描写仍算作展开。
Unattached description is colour; it develops nothing. · 未附着的描写是修饰色彩；它没有展开任何内容。
Description
- Developing through description 描写, writers relate sensory details 感官细节 of a subject.
- Its job is to remove abstraction — to let a reader see what they were only being told about.
- Description without a claim attached is colour; description that makes a claim visible is development.
描写
- 通过描写(description)展开时,写作者陈述对象的感官细节(sensory details)。
- 它的职责是清除抽象——让读者看见他们原本只是被告知的东西。
- 不挂在任何主张上的描写是色彩;使某项主张变得可见的描写才是展开。
Match each method to what it supplies. · 将每种方法与它提供的功能相匹配。
Each removes a different obstacle: no basis, no agreed terms, or no picture. · 每种方法消除不同的障碍：缺乏基础、缺乏共同条款或缺乏画面感。
Recognising them in a text
- Comparison: look for the stated category, not just two subjects in the same paragraph.
- Definition: look for a writer spending sentences on what a word means — that is never idle.
- Description: ask whether the detail is doing a job or filling space.
在文本中识别它们
- 比较:要找那个被说明的范畴,而不只是同一段里出现了两个对象。
- 下定义:要找写作者在某个词的含义上花笔墨之处——那绝非闲笔。
- 描写:要问这些细节是在做工作,还是在填空间。
Weak: a paragraph on the old scheme, then a paragraph on the new one. Strong: "On the one measure both schemes claim — how many students finish — the old scheme reached 40% and the new one 44%, at three times the cost." The category came first, and the comparison decided something.
薄弱:一段写旧方案,再一段写新方案。有力:*"在两个方案都声称的那唯一一项指标上——有多少学生完成——旧方案达到 40%,新方案达到 44%,而成本是三倍。"*范畴先行,而这次比较作出了裁决。
Comparison-contrast needs a stated category both subjects are measured on. Definition relates the characteristics that make something what it is, and is the strongest move when terms are contestable. Description uses sensory detail to remove abstraction — attached to a claim, or it is colour.
比较对照需要一个两个对象都据以衡量的明确范畴。下定义陈述使某物成其所是的特征,在术语可争议时是最强的动作。描写用感官细节清除抽象——必须挂在某项主张上,否则只是色彩。