Using Methods of Development · 运用发展手法
Pick the method from the obstacle, not the topic
- Students choose a method because the topic "feels like" a story or a comparison.
- The right question is different: what stands between this audience and my claim?
- Remove that obstacle and you have chosen the method.
Choosing a method by topic alone is like taking an umbrella because the calendar says Tuesday.
从障碍而非题目来挑选方法
- 学生挑选方法,常常是因为题目"感觉像"一个故事或一次比较。
- 而正确的问题是另一个:在这个受众与我的主张之间,横着什么?
- 清除那个障碍,你就选定了方法。
只看主题就决定写法，就像因为日历上写着星期二便带雨伞。
Matching obstacle to method
- They need to feel the situation → narration.
- They accept the facts but not the connection → cause-effect.
- Abstraction is the obstacle and they cannot see it → description.
把障碍与方法配起来
- 他们需要感受那个情境 → 叙述。
- 他们接受事实却不接受其间的联系 → 因果。
- 抽象是障碍,他们看不见 → 描写。
Which method does this obstacle call for? · 这种障碍需要哪种方法？
Match each audience obstacle to the method that removes it. · 将每种受众障碍与消除它的相匹配。
A method of development should be chosen from... · 发展手法的选择应基于……
The obstacle decides the method; the same topic can call for different methods. · 障碍决定方法；同一主题可能需要不同的方法。
Writing narration well
- Keep the story short enough that the reflection is not squeezed out.
- Choose the detail that carries the claim, not the detail you remember best.
- End on the reflection, in your own voice, connecting it to the argument.
把叙述写好
- 把故事写得足够短,以免挤掉反思的位置。
- 选取承载主张的那个细节,而不是你记得最清楚的那个。
- 以反思收尾,用你自己的声音,把它连回论证。
In narration, you should choose the detail you remember most vividly. · 在叙述中，应选择你最 vividly 记得的细节。
Choose the detail that carries the claim — vividness alone is colour. · 选择承载论点的细节——仅 vividness 只是修饰色彩。
Choosing a method because the topic "feels like" a story is choosing by habit. The method should follow from the audience's obstacle — what stands between them and your claim — which means the same topic can call for different methods with different readers.
因为题目"感觉像"一个故事就选择叙述,这是凭习惯来选。方法应当由受众的障碍决定——也就是横在他们与你的主张之间的东西——这意味着同一个题目面对不同读者时,可能需要不同的方法。
In cause-effect writing, spend your sentences on the ____ between cause and effect. · 在因果写作中，将句子精力花在对因果____的阐述上。
"A led to B" is a claim; how · 如何 A led to B is the development. · “A导致B”是论点；如何A导致B才是展开。
Match each method to how it should be written. · 将每种方法与它的写作方式相匹配。
Each method has a part that carries the marks, and it is not the part students expand. · 每种方法都有其承载分数的部分，而这并非学生通常扩充的部分。
Writing cause-effect well
- State the cause, state the effect, then spend your sentences on the step between them.
- That step is the part a reader can dispute, so it is the part worth defending.
- "A led to B" is a claim; how A led to B is the development.
把因果写好
- 点出原因,点出结果,然后把笔墨花在两者之间的那一步上。
- 那一步正是读者可以争辩的部分,因而也是值得辩护的部分。
- "A 导致 B"是主张;A 如何导致 B 才是展开。
Select all · 所有 the checks this lesson gives for a method choice. · 选出本课为方法选择提供的所有检查项。
Repeating last time's method is habit, which is the thing to check against. · 重复上次的方法是习惯，这正是需要审视的对象。
Checking your choice
- Ask: could I have made this point with a different method?
- If yes, ask what this one does that the other would not.
- If you cannot answer, the method was chosen by habit rather than by purpose.
检查你的选择
- 问:这一点我本可以用另一种方法说出来吗?
- 如果可以,再问这一种做到了另一种做不到的什么。
- 如果答不上来,那这个方法是凭习惯而非凭目的选出来的。
Arguing that a fee deters students, one writer describes a corridor conversation (narration — the reader needed to feel it). Another shows how the fee falls due before the loan arrives (cause-effect — the reader accepted the fee existed but not that it deterred). Same claim, different obstacle, different method.
同样主张某项费用会劝退学生,一位写作者描述了走廊里的一段对话(叙述——读者需要感受到它)。另一位则说明这笔费用的缴纳期限早于贷款到账(因果——读者接受费用存在,却不接受它会劝退)。同样的主张,不同的障碍,不同的方法。
Choose a method from the audience's obstacle, not the topic. Narration needs a short story and a reflection; cause-effect needs your sentences spent on the step between cause and effect. Then check: what does this method do that another would not?
从受众的障碍而非题目来挑选方法。叙述需要短小的故事加一段反思;因果需要把笔墨花在原因与结果之间的那一步上。然后检查:这一方法做到了另一种做不到的什么?