Introductions and Conclusions · 开头与结尾
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| conclusion/kənˈkluːʒn/ | 结论 | jié lùn |
| introduction/ˌɪntrəˈdʌkʃn/ | 引言 | yǐn yán |
| unified end/ˈjuːnɪfaɪd end/ | 统一的收束 | tǒng yī de shōu shù |
The two positions a reader remembers
- Whatever else a reader forgets, they remember how a text opened and how it ended.
- Both positions therefore carry more weight per sentence than anywhere else.
- This topic is about what the CED permits each of them to do.
The opening greets the reader; the conclusion should not invite them back to the beginning.
读者会记住的两个位置
- 无论读者忘掉什么,他们都会记得文本如何开篇、如何收尾。
- 因此这两个位置上,每一句话所承载的分量都比别处更重。
- 本节讲的是 CED 允许它们各自做些什么。
开头向读者打招呼；结尾可别又请读者回到起点。
What an introduction does
- The introduction 引言 introduces the subject and/or the writer to the audience.
- It may orient the reader, establish the exigence and context, and gain attention.
- Note what is optional: an introduction need not state the thesis.
引言做什么
- 引言(introduction)向受众介绍主题与/或写作者。
- 它可以为读者定向、确立促因与语境,并吸引注意。
- 注意什么是可选的:引言不必陈述论点。
An introduction must state the thesis. · 开头必须陈述中心论点。
It may; the CED lists orienting the reader, establishing exigence and gaining attention as its jobs. · 它可以；CED列出的任务包括引导读者、确立紧迫感和吸引注意力。
What a conclusion does
- The conclusion 结论 brings the argument to a unified end 统一的收束.
- It may present the thesis, explain its significance, or situate the argument in a broader context.
- "Unified" is the key word — a conclusion shows the parts were one argument.
结论做什么
- 结论(conclusion)把论证带向统一的收束(unified end)。
- 它可以呈现论点、说明其重要性,或把论证置于更广阔的语境中。
- "统一"是关键词——结论显示各部分本是同一个论证。
Which job is this opening or ending doing? · 这个开头或结尾承担了哪项任务？
Match each move to the job the CED permits it. · 将每个动作与CED允许其承担的任务相匹配。
A conclusion brings the argument to a ____ end. · 结尾使论证走向一个____的结局。
"Unified" means the conclusion shows the parts were one argument. · “统一”意味着结尾表明各部分是同一个论证的整体。
Select all · 所有 the jobs the CED permits a conclusion. · 选出CED允许结尾承担的所有任务。
New evidence belongs in the body, where it can be developed. · 新证据应放在正文部分，以便充分展开。
An introduction is not required to state the thesis, and many published arguments do not. Reading an unfamiliar text on the assumption that the thesis sits at the end of paragraph one will regularly find the wrong sentence.
引言并不必须陈述论点,许多已发表的论证也确实没有。带着"论点就在第一段末尾"的假定去读陌生文本,会经常找到错误的句子。
Match each opening move to what it reveals about the text. · 将每个开头动作与其揭示的文本特征相匹配。
What an opening chooses to do describes the audience it was written for. · 开头选择做什么，就描述了它是为谁写的。
Analysing a real opening
- Ask which of the permitted jobs this opening actually does.
- An opening that names the exigence tells you the text is responding to something specific.
- An opening that establishes the writer tells you the audience had reason to doubt them.
分析一个真实的开篇
- 要问这个开篇实际做了上述允许的工作中的哪几项。
- 点出促因的开篇告诉你,这个文本是在回应某件具体的事。
- 确立写作者身份的开篇告诉你,受众本有理由怀疑他。
The weakest conclusion is one that... · 最弱的结尾是那种……
It uses the most memorable position for the least new information. · 它将最少的新信息放在了最令人难忘的位置。
The weakest conclusion
- The weakest conclusion re-lists what the essay already said.
- The reader has just read it; repeating it uses the most memorable position for the least new information.
- Say instead what the argument means, or what it obliges.
最弱的结论
- 最弱的结论把文章已经说过的内容再列一遍。
- 读者刚刚读过;重复一遍,等于把最容易被记住的位置用在了最没有新意的信息上。
- 要说的是这一论证意味着什么,或者它要求什么。
A column opens with the date a factory closed and nothing else. That single sentence does two of the permitted jobs at once: it establishes the exigence and the context, and it gains attention by refusing to explain itself.
一篇专栏以一家工厂关闭的日期开篇,别的什么也没写。这一句同时做了上述允许的工作中的两项:它确立了促因与语境,并因拒绝自我解释而吸引了注意。
An introduction introduces the subject and/or writer and may establish exigence and context — it need not state the thesis. A conclusion brings the argument to a unified end and may present the thesis, explain its significance, or situate it more broadly. Restating earns least.
引言介绍主题与/或写作者,并可以确立促因与语境——它不必陈述论点。结论把论证带向统一的收束,并可以呈现论点、说明其重要性,或把它置于更广阔的语境中。只作复述得分最少。