Writing Synthesis Paragraphs · 撰写综合段落
Sort the sources before you write a word
- Most weak synthesis essays were decided before the first sentence — at the sorting stage.
- Sorting sources by side gives you two piles and a paragraph per pile.
- Sorting them by something else gives you an argument.
“For” and “against” are easy piles to make. Unfortunately, piles do not argue.
动笔之前先给来源分类
- 多数薄弱的综合写作,在第一句之前就已经注定了——在分类阶段。
- 按阵营给来源分类,得到的是两堆材料和每堆一段。
- 按别的维度分类,得到的才是论证。
把材料分成“赞成”和“反对”两堆很容易；可惜，纸堆不会自己论证。
Sorting sources by side produces... · 按立场分类来源会产生……
The sorting decision determines the essay's shape before any writing begins. · 分类决策在动笔前就决定了文章的结构。
Two ways to open a paragraph
- Weak: name a source, then say what it says.
- Strong: state a claim of your own, then bring sources in to defend it.
- The order decides whether the paragraph belongs to you or to the sources.
开启一个段落的两种方式
- 薄弱:先点出一个来源,再说它说了什么。
- 有力:先陈述一项属于你自己的主张,再引来源为之辩护。
- 这一顺序决定了这一段属于你,还是属于那些来源。
A synthesis paragraph should open by naming the source it will use. · 综合段落应以指明将要使用的来源开头。
Open with your own claim, then bring sources in to defend it. · 以你自己的主张开头，然后引入来源来捍卫它。
Using more than one source in a claim
- The strongest synthesis sentences hold two sources at once and say something about the relationship.
- "Both X and Y argue Z, but for reasons that do not survive together."
- That sentence could not be written from either source alone — which is the definition of integration.
在一项主张中使用不止一个来源
- 最有力的综合句子同时把握两个来源,并就它们的关系说出些什么。
- "X 与 Y 都主张 Z,但其理由无法同时成立。"
- 这句话仅凭任何一个来源都写不出来——而这正是整合的定义。
Which paragraph opening? · 哪种段落开头？
Sort each opening by whether the paragraph will belong to the writer. · 按每句开头是否使段落归属于作者进行分类。
The strongest synthesis sentences hold ____ sources at once and say something about their relationship. · 最强的综合句同时容纳____个来源，并说明它们之间的关系。
A sentence that could be written from one source alone has not integrated anything. · 仅凭一个来源就能写出的句子没有体现整合。
Sorting sources by side is the decision that produces a low-scoring essay, before a word is written. Two piles give you two paragraphs of summary. Sort by perspective, method, or what each source is in a position to know instead.
按阵营给来源分类,是在写下一个字之前就注定低分的那个决定。两堆材料只能给你两段概括。改用视角、方法,或每个来源有条件知道什么来分类。
Match each attribution style to its effect. · 将每种署名方式与其效果匹配。
Attribution inside the sentence does two jobs at once. · 句子内部的署名同时完成两项任务。
Citing as you go
- Attribute inside the sentence rather than in a separate announcement.
- "As Source C's figures show, ..." attributes and integrates at the same time.
- "Source C says the following: ..." announces, and then the reader waits.
边写边标注
- 在句子内部完成归属,而不是另起一句作通告。
- "正如来源 C 的数据所显示的,……"同时完成了归属与整合。
- "来源 C 说了以下内容:……"只是通告,然后读者就得等着。
Select all · 所有 the checks this lesson gives for a synthesis paragraph. · 选择本课提供的所有综合段落检查标准。
Length is never one of the checks. · 长度绝不包括在这些检查项中。
Checking a synthesis paragraph
- Delete every source name and read what is left. Is there still a claim? There should be.
- Now check whether that claim appears in any single source. It should not.
- A claim that survives both tests is yours, built from theirs.
检查一个综合段落
- 删掉所有来源名称,读一读剩下的内容。是否仍有一项主张?应当有。
- 再检查那项主张是否出现在任何单一来源中。不应当出现。
- 两项检验都通过的主张,才是你自己的,由他人的材料建成。
Two students use the same six sources. One writes "For" and "Against" and fills each. The other notices that the supporting sources are all administrators and the opposing ones all participants — and writes a paragraph about who is in a position to see what. Same sources, one argument.
两名学生使用同样的六个来源。一人写下"支持"与"反对"两栏并各自填满。另一人注意到支持方全是管理者、反对方全是参与者——于是写了一段关于谁有条件看到什么的文字。同样的来源,只有一个成为了论证。
Sort sources by something other than side. Open each paragraph with your own claim, then bring sources in. The strongest sentences hold two sources at once and say something about their relationship, and attribution belongs inside the sentence.
用阵营之外的维度给来源分类。每段以你自己的主张开头,再把来源引进来。最有力的句子同时把握两个来源并就其关系说出些什么,而归属属于句子内部。