Solids, Liquids, and Gases · 固体、液体和气体
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| kinetic energy/kɪˈnetɪk ˈenədʒi/ | 动能 | dòng néng |
| phase change/feɪz tʃeɪndʒ/ | 相变 | xiāng biàn |
Three faces of matter
- The same water can be ice, a puddle, or steam.
- Only the temperature changed, not the molecules.
- What differs is how the particles are packed and how they move.
- Heat sets the pace; attractions set the order.
物质的三副面孔
- 同样的水可以是冰、水洼或蒸汽。
- 改变的只是温度,而不是分子。
- 不同的是粒子如何堆积、如何运动。
- 热决定节奏;吸引决定秩序。
Packed, flowing, free
- In a solid, particles are locked in a fixed, ordered pattern, only vibrating.
- In a liquid, particles touch but are free to slide past each other.
- In a gas, particles are far apart, moving fast and freely.
紧密、流动、自由
- 在固体中,粒子锁在固定有序的图案里,只能振动。
- 在液体中,粒子相互接触,但能自由地彼此滑过。
- 在气体中,粒子相距很远,快速而自由地运动。
In which state are particles far apart and moving fast and freely? · 在哪个状态中粒子间距大且快速自由运动？
Gas particles are widely spaced and move freely. · 气体粒子间距宽且自由运动。
Heating climbs the ladder
- Adding heat raises the kinetic energy 动能 and loosens the particles.
- Solid becomes liquid becomes gas as heat overcomes the attractions.
- A phase change 相变 happens at a fixed temperature.
加热沿阶梯上升
- 加热提高动能并松开粒子。
- 随着热克服吸引,固体变液体、液体变气体。
- 相变在固定的温度发生。
During a phase change, the temperature stays constant. · 在相变过程中，温度保持不变。
Added heat breaks attractions instead of raising the temperature. · 加入的热量用于克服吸引力而不是升高温度。
Order the states from LOWEST to HIGHEST particle energy. · 按粒子能量从LOWEST到HIGHEST排列状态。
Heating adds energy, so solid < liquid < gas. · 加热增加能量，所以固体 < 液体 < 气体。
Temperature versus attraction
- Strong attractions (intermolecular forces) favour the solid and liquid states.
- High temperature favours the gas state.
- The balance of the two sets the state at any moment.
温度对抗吸引
- 强吸引(分子间作用力)偏向固态和液态。
- 高温偏向气态。
- 两者的平衡决定任一时刻的状态。
Solid, liquid, gas · 固体、液体、气体
Raise the temperature and watch particles gain energy and break free from solid to liquid to gas. · 升高温度并观察粒子获得能量，从固体变为液体再变为气体而挣脱束缚。
A substance stays solid or liquid rather than gas when... · 当...时，物质保持固态或液态而非气态
Strong attractions hold particles together against thermal motion. · 强吸引力使粒子聚拢以抵抗热运动。
Why is oxygen a gas but water a liquid at room temperature?
- Water has strong hydrogen bonds holding its molecules together.
- Oxygen has only weak dispersion forces, too weak to stay liquid at room temperature.
为什么在室温下氧是气体而水是液体?
- 水有强氢键把它的分子维系在一起。
- 氧只有弱色散力,太弱,无法在室温下保持液态。
Which state keeps a fixed volume but takes the shape of its container? · 哪个状态保持固定体积但取容器形状？
A liquid keeps its volume but not its shape. · 液体保持其体积但不保持其形状。
Water is a liquid at room temperature largely because of strong ____ bonds. · 水在室温下呈液态主要是因为存在强____键。
Hydrogen bonds hold water molecules together as a liquid. · 氢键使水分子作为液体聚集在一起。
During a phase change the temperature stays constant -- the added heat breaks attractions rather than speeding the particles up. The molecules themselves are unchanged across states; only their arrangement and motion differ. A gas fills its container, a liquid keeps its volume but not its shape, and a solid keeps both.
在相变过程中温度保持不变——加入的热用来断开吸引,而不是让粒子加速。分子本身在各状态间不变;只有它们的排列和运动不同。气体充满容器,液体保持体积但不保持形状,固体两者都保持。
Solid, liquid, and gas differ only in how particles are packed and how fast they move. Adding heat raises the kinetic energy until a phase change frees the particles. Strong intermolecular forces favour solids and liquids; high temperature favours gases, and the balance sets the state.
固体、液体、气体的区别只在于粒子如何堆积、运动多快。加热提高动能,直到相变释放粒子。强分子间作用力偏向固体和液体;高温偏向气体,两者的平衡决定状态。