Artificial Selection · 人工选择
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| artificial selection/ˌɑːtɪˈfɪʃl sɪˈlekʃn/ | 人工选择 | rén gōng xuǎn zé |
| selective breeding/sɪˈlektɪv ˈbriːdɪŋ/ | 选择育种 | xuǎn zé yù zhǒng |
Humans as the selector
- Long before we understood genetics, humans were shaping other species.
- We chose which plants and animals to breed, again and again.
- Over generations, this produced crops and animals unlike their wild ancestors.
- This human-guided version of selection is artificial selection.
人类作为选择者
- 早在我们理解遗传学之前,人类就在塑造其他物种。
- 我们一次又一次地选择培育哪些植物和动物。
- 经过许多代,这产生了与它们野生祖先不同的作物和动物。
- 这种由人类引导的选择就是人工选择。
Selective breeding
- Artificial selection 人工选择 is choosing which individuals reproduce.
- It is also called selective breeding 选择育种.
- A farmer breeds only the cows that give the most milk.
- Their offspring inherit that trait, and the herd slowly improves.
选择育种
- 人工选择(artificial selection)是选择哪些个体繁殖。
- 它也叫做选择育种(selective breeding)。
- 一个农民只培育产奶最多的牛。
- 它们的后代继承那个性状,牛群慢慢改良。
In artificial selection, who decides which individuals reproduce? · 在人工选择中,是谁决定哪些个体繁殖?
In artificial selection, humans choose which individuals breed — also called selective breeding. · 在人工选择中,人类选择哪些个体繁殖——也叫选择育种。
The same mechanism
- Artificial selection works just like natural selection.
- In both, some individuals leave more offspring than others.
- The only difference is who chooses: humans, not the environment.
- So a wolf, bred by people over thousands of years, becomes a chihuahua.
相同的机制
- 人工选择的运作方式就像自然选择。
- 在两者中,一些个体比其他个体留下更多后代。
- 唯一的区别是谁来选:人类,而不是环境。
- 所以一头狼,被人类培育几千年,就变成一只吉娃娃。
Artificial and natural selection use the same basic mechanism — differences in who reproduces. · 人工选择和自然选择使用相同的基本机制——谁繁殖的差异。
Both work by some individuals reproducing more than others; only the selector differs. · 两者都靠一些个体比其他个体繁殖得更多来运作;只有选择者不同。
Which is an example of artificial selection? · 哪个是人工选择的例子?
Breeding wheat for bigger grains is humans choosing the trait — artificial selection. · 培育小麦以得到更大的籽粒是人类选择这个性状——人工选择。
A hidden cost
- Breeding from only a few "best" individuals narrows the gene pool.
- This reduces the population's genetic diversity.
- A uniform breed can be more vulnerable to a new disease.
- So artificial selection is powerful but must be used with care.
一个隐藏的代价
- 只从少数"最好"的个体繁殖,会缩窄基因库。
- 这减少种群的遗传多样性。
- 一个一致的品种可能对一种新疾病更脆弱。
- 所以人工选择很强大,但必须小心使用。
Who is doing the selecting? · 是谁在做选择?
Sort each example by whether nature or humans decide which individuals reproduce. · 按照是大自然还是人类决定哪些个体繁殖,给每个例子分类。
Breeding only a few "best" individuals can reduce a population's genetic . · 只培育少数"最好"的个体会减少一个种群的遗传。
Selecting only a few types lowers genetic diversity, which can make a breed more vulnerable. · 只选择少数几种类型会降低遗传多样性,这会让一个品种更脆弱。
Select all · 所有 true statements about artificial selection. · 选出关于人工选择的所有正确说法。
In artificial selection humans, not the environment, do the selecting. The other three are correct. · 在人工选择中是人类、而不是环境做选择。其余三条正确。
Do not confuse the two selectors. In natural selection, the environment decides who survives and breeds. In artificial selection, humans decide. The mechanism is identical — only the hand doing the choosing is different.
不要把两个选择者搞混。在自然选择中,是环境决定谁存活和繁殖。在人工选择中,是人类决定。机制是相同的——只有做选择的那只手不同。
From wolf to hundreds of dog breeds:
- Every dog breed descends from wolves.
- People bred the tamest, most useful animals, over and over.
- Choosing different traits gave us everything from huskies to poodles — all by artificial selection.
从狼到几百个狗品种:
- 每个狗品种都源自狼。
- 人们一次又一次地培育最温顺、最有用的动物。
- 选择不同的性状,给了我们从哈士奇到贵宾犬的一切——全靠人工选择。
Artificial selection (selective breeding) is humans choosing which individuals reproduce, using the same mechanism as natural selection — only the selector differs. It has reshaped crops and animals from their wild ancestors, but breeding from few individuals can reduce genetic diversity.
人工选择(选择育种)是人类选择哪些个体繁殖,使用与自然选择相同的机制——只有选择者不同。它把作物和动物从它们的野生祖先重塑,但从少数个体繁殖会减少遗传多样性。