Alcohols — making and reactions · 醇——制造和反应
| English | 中文 | Pinyin · 拼音 |
|---|---|---|
| alcohol/ˈælkəhɒl/ | 醇 | chún |
| hydroxyl/haɪˈdrɒksɪl/ | 羟基 | qiǎng jī |
| aldehyde/ˈældɪhaɪd/ | 醛 | quán |
| ketone/ˈketəʊn/ | 酮 | tóng |
| ester/ˈestə/ | 酯 | zhǐ |
| dehydration/ˌdiːhaɪˈdreɪʃn/ | 脱水 | tuō shuǐ |
| distillation/dɪstɪˈleɪʃn/ | 蒸馏 | zhēng liú |
The versatile -OH group
- An alcohol 醇 has the –OH (hydroxyl 羟基) functional group.
- It is a versatile, central organic compound.
- It can be made several ways and reacts in many.
多功能的 -OH 基团
- 一个醇(alcohol)有 –OH(羟基)(hydroxyl)官能团。
- 它是一个多功能的、核心的有机化合物。
- 它能以几种方式制造,并以许多方式反应。
Alcohol reaction map · 醇反应图
Choose what happens to alcohols under different reagents. · 选择不同试剂下醇会发生什么。
The functional group of an alcohol is: · 一个醇的官能团是:
Alcohols are defined by the hydroxyl (–OH) group. · 醇由羟基(–OH)基团定义。
Alcohols contain the ______ functional group. · 醇含有______官能团。
Written –OH. · 写作 –OH。
Making alcohols
- steam + an alkene ($\text{H}_3\text{PO}_4$ catalyst) — electrophilic addition.
- halogenoalkane + NaOH(aq), heat — nucleophilic substitution.
- reduction of an aldehyde 醛/ketone 酮 ($\text{NaBH}_4$ or $\text{LiAlH}_4$).
- hydrolysis of an ester 酯 (dilute acid or alkali, heat).
Acidified dichromate turns orange to green with a primary or secondary alcohol
An alcohol can burn, dehydrate, esterify or be oxidised
制造醇
- 蒸汽 + 一个烯烃($\text{H}_3\text{PO}_4$ 催化剂)——亲电加成。
- 卤代烷 + NaOH(aq),加热——亲核取代。
- 一个醛/酮的还原($\text{NaBH}_4$ 或 $\text{LiAlH}_4$)。
- 一个酯的水解(稀酸或碱,加热)。
酸化的重铬酸盐与一个伯或仲醇从橙色变绿色
Which reaction makes an alcohol? · 哪个反应制造一个醇?
NaOH(aq) substitutes the halogen for –OH; adding steam to an alkene or reducing a carbonyl also work. · NaOH(aq) 把卤素取代为 –OH;给一个烯烃加蒸汽或还原一个羰基也行。
Match each alcohol fact. · 匹配每个醇事实。
Each item links the term to its correct meaning. · 每一项把术语链接到它正确的含义。
Reactions of alcohols
- combustion → carbon dioxide + water.
- with sodium → hydrogen + a sodium alkoxide (like water, but slower).
- substitution to a halogenoalkane ($\text{HX}$, $\text{PCl}_5$, $\text{SOCl}_2$).
- dehydration 脱水 → an alkene (hot $\text{Al}_2\text{O}_3$ or conc. acid).
- ester formation with a carboxylic acid (conc. $\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4$ catalyst).
Fractional distillation 蒸馏 separates ethanol from a fermented mixture.
醇的反应
- 燃烧 → 二氧化碳 + 水。
- 与钠 → 氢 + 一个醇钠(像水,但更慢)。
- 取代成一个卤代烷($\text{HX}$、$\text{PCl}_5$、$\text{SOCl}_2$)。
- 脱水 → 一个烯烃(热 $\text{Al}_2\text{O}_3$ 或浓酸)。
- 与一个羧酸的酯形成(浓 $\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4$ 催化剂)。
分馏从一个发酵混合物分离乙醇。
An alcohol reacting with sodium metal produces: · 一个醇与钠金属反应产生:
Like water, alcohols react with sodium to give hydrogen — but more slowly. · 像水一样,醇与钠反应给出氢——但更慢。
Dehydrating an alcohol (hot Al₂O₃ or conc. acid) gives: · 使一个醇脱水(热 Al₂O₃ 或浓酸)给出:
Dehydration removes water from the alcohol to form an alkene (the reverse of steam addition). · 脱水从醇移除水以形成一个烯烃(蒸汽加成的逆过程)。
Three classes of alcohol
- Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols differ by how many carbons attach to the C–OH carbon.
- The class decides what oxidation gives (aldehyde/acid, ketone, or no reaction).
Primary, secondary and tertiary alcohols differ by the number of carbons on the C–OH carbon
三类醇
- 伯、仲和叔醇的区别在于多少个碳连接到 C–OH 碳。
- 类别决定氧化给出什么(醛/酸、酮,或不反应)。
伯、仲和叔醇的区别在于 C–OH 碳上连接的碳数
You've got it
- alcohols have the –OH group
- made from: steam + alkene, halogenoalkane + NaOH(aq), reduction of aldehyde/ketone, ester hydrolysis
- react by combustion, with sodium (→ H₂), dehydration (→ alkene), and ester formation
你掌握了
- 醇有 –OH 基团
- 由以下制造:蒸汽 + 烯烃、卤代烷 + NaOH(aq)、醛/酮的还原、酯水解
- 通过燃烧、与钠(→ H₂)、脱水(→ 烯烃)和酯形成反应