Period 2: 1607 to 1754
AP United States History Topic 2 8:26 English narration · English + 中文 subtitles burned in
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Transcript
Two English colonies, founded within twenty years of each other by people from the same country under the same crown.
两个英国殖民地，成立时间相差不到二十年， 建立者来自同一个国家，效忠同一个王室。
One grows tobacco with enslaved labour on scattered plantations.
一个用被奴役的劳动力，在分散的种植园上种植烟草。
The other grows food on family farms around small towns.
另一个在小镇周围的家庭农场上种植粮食。
Nothing about the settlers explains that.
殖民者本身解释不了这种差别。
Geography set the crop, the crop set the labour system, and the labour system set the society.
地理决定了作物，作物决定了劳动制度，劳动制度决定了社会。
So the first rule of this period is: never one place.
所以这一时期的第一条规则是：绝不把殖民地当成一个整体。
Four colonizers, four strategies, and each one follows from what the project needed.
四个殖民者，四种策略， 而每一种都源自这个殖民计划需要什么。
Spain built on subjugating native populations, converted them, and incorporated them into colonial society.
西班牙人征服原住民，使他们改宗，并把他们纳入殖民地社会。
France and the Netherlands sent relatively few Europeans and relied on trade alliances and intermarriage to get furs.
法国人和荷兰人派去的欧洲人相对很少， 依靠贸易同盟和通婚来获取毛皮。
Britain attracted a comparatively large number of male and female migrants, focused on agriculture, and settled on land taken from Native Americans, living separately from them.
英国人吸引了相对大量的移民，以农业为主， 定居在从原住民手中夺来的土地上，并与他们分开生活。
Look at what each project needed.
看看每一个计划需要什么。
Extraction needs labour.
开采需要劳动力。
Trade needs partners.
贸易需要伙伴。
Agriculture needs land — and land is the only one of the three that cannot be shared.
农业需要土地—— 而三者之中，只有土地无法共享。
Inside British America the same rule runs again.
在英属美洲内部，同样的规则再次出现。
The Chesapeake and North Carolina exported tobacco, worked first by white indentured servants and later by enslaved Africans.
切萨皮克和北卡罗来纳出口烟草，最初由白人契约仆役耕作，后来由被奴役的非洲人耕作。
New England, settled first by Puritans, had small towns, family farms and a mixed economy of agriculture and commerce.
新英格兰有小城镇、家庭农场，以及农业与商业并存的混合经济。
The middle colonies exported cereal crops and drew a broad range of European migrants, which made them the most ethnically and religiously diverse region of all.
中部殖民地出口谷物，吸引了各种各样的欧洲移民， 因此更多元、也更宽容。
The southern Atlantic and the West Indies ran plantations where enslaved Africans were often the majority of the population.
南大西洋沿岸和西印度群岛经营种植园， 被奴役的非洲人常常占人口的多数。
One more thing they shared: distance and Britain's initially lax attention let all of them build self-governing institutions that were unusually democratic for the era.
它们还有一个共同点： 距离遥远，加上英国起初管理宽松， 让它们都建立了在那个时代异常民主的自治机构。
Geography set the crop, and the crop set who worked it.
地理决定了作物，作物决定了谁来劳动。
The Chesapeake grew tobacco, labour-intensive, first with indentured servants and then with enslaved Africans.
切萨皮克种植烟草，劳动密集，先靠契约仆役，后靠被奴役的非洲人。
The middle colonies exported cereal crops from family farms and drew the broadest range of European migrants.
中部殖民地从家庭农场出口谷物，吸引了最广的欧洲移民。
The southern Atlantic coast and the British West Indies grew rice and sugar, cash crops so labour-hungry that enslaved Africans became a majority of the population in places.
南大西洋沿岸和英属西印度群岛种植稻米和蔗糖， 这些经济作物如此渴求劳动力，以至于被奴役的非洲人在一些地方成了人口多数。
New England stayed different: small towns, family farms, a mixed economy, and unusually high life expectancy.
新英格兰仍然不同：小城镇、家庭农场、混合经济，以及异常高的预期寿命。
Three words get confused every year, and they are three different things.
有三个词每年都会被弄混，而它们是三件不同的事。
Mercantilism is the theory: a colony exists to enrich the mother country.
重商主义是理论：殖民地的存在是为了让母国富裕。
The Navigation Acts are the policy that put the theory into law.
《航海条例》是把理论写进法律的政策。
And salutary neglect is the enforcement, or rather the lack of it — Britain made the rules and did not press them.
而"有益的忽视"是执行层面——或者说是执行的缺失： 英国制定了规则，却没有真正推行。
Keep the three apart, because together they explain why later enforcement felt like tyranny.
要把三者分开，因为合在一起， 它们解释了为什么后来的严格执行会让人感觉像暴政。
Nothing new was demanded.
并没有提出新的要求。
What changed was that a rule colonists had learned to treat as negotiable was suddenly meant.
改变的是： 一条殖民者早已学会当成可以商量的规则，突然当真了。
An Atlantic economy developed in which goods, enslaved Africans, and American Indians were exchanged around the ocean rim.
一个大西洋经济形成了：商品、被奴役的非洲人、以及美洲原住民 沿着大洋边缘被交换。
Continuing trade increased the flow of goods in and out of American Indian communities, changing them too.
持续的贸易增加了进出原住民社群的货物流动，也改变了那些社群。
The colonies were never only a British story.
殖民地从来不只是一个英国故事。
They sat inside a system that already linked Europe, West Africa, and the Americas. This is the system Period 3 inherits.
它们坐落在一个已经把欧洲、西非和美洲连在一起的体系里。
Interactions with American Indians produced both accommodation and conflict, and the balance differed by empire.
接触既产生调适，也产生冲突，而平衡因帝国而异。
Where trade mattered most — New France, the Dutch fur trade — alliances and intermarriage were common.
贸易最重要的地方——新法兰西、荷兰毛皮贸易——结盟和通婚很常见。
Where land mattered most, conflict followed.
土地最重要的地方，冲突随之而来。
British expansion led to sustained military conflict with American Indians over land, resources, and boundaries.
英国扩张导致与美洲原住民在土地、资源和边界上的持续军事冲突。
Resistance took organised forms.
抵抗采取了有组织的形式。
The Pueblo Revolt of 1680 drove the Spanish out of New Mexico for over a decade and forced lasting changes in Spanish policy — the clearest example in the course of native resistance succeeding.
一六八零年的普韦布洛起义把西班牙人赶出新墨西哥十多年， 并迫使西班牙政策发生持久变化——这是这门课里原住民抵抗成功的最清楚例子。
Slavery in this period has two facts the exam tests.
这一时期的奴隶制有两个考试要考的事实。
First, all the British colonies participated in the Atlantic slave trade, to varying degrees.
第一，所有英属殖民地都参与了大西洋奴隶贸易，程度不同。
New England farms used relatively few enslaved labourers, port cities held significant minorities, the plantation colonies held large numbers, and the great majority of enslaved Africans were sent to the West Indies.
新英格兰的农场使用的被奴役劳动力相对较少， 港口城市有相当规模的少数群体， 种植园殖民地则数量庞大， 而绝大多数被奴役的非洲人被送往西印度群岛。
The difference between regions is scale, not participation.
各地区的差别在规模，而不在于是否参与。
Second, as chattel slavery became dominant, new laws created a strict racial system that prohibited interracial relationships and defined the descendants of African American mothers as black and enslaved in perpetuity.
第二，随着动产奴隶制成为主导， 新的法律建立起严格的种族制度， 禁止跨种族关系， 并规定非裔美国母亲的后代永远是黑人且为奴。
That is the change being tested: slavery was made racial and hereditary by legislation.
这正是考试要考的变化： 奴隶制是通过立法被"种族化"和"世袭化"的。
And enslaved Africans used overt and covert means of resistance, while maintaining their families, culture and religion.
而被奴役的非洲人以公开和隐蔽两种方式抵抗， 同时维系着他们的家庭、文化和宗教。
By the end of the period the colonies were becoming more English and more dissatisfied at the same time, and that is not a contradiction.
到这一时期结束时，殖民地同时变得更"英国化"、也更不满， 而这并不矛盾。
Toward similarity: gradual Anglicization came through intercolonial trade, a transatlantic print culture and the spread of Protestant evangelicalism.
走向相似：逐步的英国化来自殖民地之间的贸易、跨大西洋的印刷文化， 以及新教福音派的传播。
Two forces pulled at once. Toward diversity: different religious and ethnic groups produced pluralism and intellectual exchange, which the first Great Awakening and Enlightenment ideas then deepened.
走向多元：不同的宗教和族裔群体带来了多元与思想交流， 第一次大觉醒和启蒙思想又进一步加深了这一点。
And colonial resistance drew on local self-government, evolving ideas of liberty and Enlightenment thought.
而殖民地的抵抗则源自地方自治、不断演变的自由观念和启蒙思想。
Closer and more critical, from the same source: they adopted English ideas of liberty, and then measured British policy against them.
更亲近与更批判来自同一个源头： 他们接受了英国的自由观念，然后用这些观念来衡量英国的政策。
By the 1750s the goals of European leaders and colonists increasingly diverged.
到一七五零年代，欧洲领袖与殖民者的目标日益分歧。
Leaders still treated colonies as sources of wealth for the centre.
领袖仍把殖民地当成中心的财富来源。
Colonists had decades of self-government and evolving ideas about rights.
殖民者已有数十年的自治，以及不断演变的权利观念。
Resistance to imperial control drew on local assemblies and on Enlightenment ideas of liberty.
对帝国控制的抵抗，依靠地方议会和启蒙运动的自由思想。
That is why tightening the rules after 1763 felt like an attack on something already practised, not on a new demand.
这就是为什么一七六三年之后收紧规则， 感觉像是对已经在实行之事的攻击，而不是一项新要求。
Comparison is the reasoning skill this period is built to teach, so read every prompt for its task verb first: briefly describe wants one thing, evaluate the extent wants a position on how much.
二零二五年的考试要求学生简述一六零七到一七五三年 英属北美的一个政治发展。
The 2025 exam asked students to briefly describe one political development in British North America from 1607 to 1753. A full-mark answer is one specific development, named and located in time: colonial assemblies such as the Virginia House of Burgesses developed powers over taxation and spending, which gave colonists practical experience of representative self-government before 1754.
满分答案是一个具体的发展，有名字、有时间： 殖民地议会，比如弗吉尼亚的市民院，获得了征税和开支的权力， 让殖民者在一七五四年之前就有了代议自治的实际经验。
Briefly describe wants a specific development stated accurately — not a list, not an evaluation, and not an essay.
"简述"要的是准确说出一个具体发展——不是清单，不是评价，也不是论文。
Colonies became more independent is too vague to credit.
"殖民地变得更独立"太含糊，得不到分。
Five things to take with you.
带走五点。
One: geography, crop, labour, society — that is the chain behind every regional difference.
第一：地理、作物、劳动、社会—— 这就是每一个区域差异背后的链条。
Two: compare two named regions, with evidence from each; the colonies are never one place.
第二：比较两个具体的区域，各自都要有证据；殖民地绝不是一个整体。
Three: mercantilism, the Navigation Acts and salutary neglect are theory, policy and enforcement.
第三：重商主义、《航海条例》、有益的忽视， 分别是理论、政策和执行。
Four: slave codes made slavery racial and hereditary, and that is the change.
第四：奴隶法典让奴隶制变成种族的、世袭的，这就是那个变化。
Five: the colonies grew closer and more critical from the same source.
第五：殖民地更亲近与更批判，来自同一个源头。
Now try the practice questions below.
现在去做下面的练习题。