Cultural Patterns and Processes
AP Human Geography Topic 3 7:50 English narration · English + 中文 subtitles burned in
Chapters
Transcript
This gate stands over a street in Seattle, in the United States.
这座牌楼矗立在美国西雅图的一条街道上。
But the roof, the colours and the writing all come from China, nearly ten thousand kilometres away.
但它的屋顶、颜色和文字都来自中国， 相距近一万公里。
Nobody carried this gate across the ocean.
没有人把这座牌楼搬过海洋。
Something else travelled.
传播过来的是别的东西。
Almost everything in your day began in one place and then spread. Tea.
你一天中的几乎一切，都是从某一个地方开始，然后传播开来的。
Football.
茶叶。
The alphabet you are reading right now.
足球。 你此刻正在读的字母。
Ideas do not walk. They are carried across the world by people, by trade, and by screens.
观念不会自己走路，它们是被人、被贸易、被屏幕带到世界各地的。
Two questions run through this whole unit. How does culture travel?
整个单元贯穿着两个问题：文化如何传播？
And what does it leave behind on the land?
它又在土地上留下了什么？
This is Unit Three, in six steps. Culture and the cultural landscape. Cultural patterns. The types of diffusion, and what causes it. Religion and language. And finally, what happens when cultures meet.
这就是第三单元，分六步：文化与文化景观；文化格局；扩散的类型以及扩散的原因； 宗教与语言；最后是文化相遇时会发生什么。
Culture is the shared practices, beliefs and objects of a group of people.
文化是一群人共有的行为方式、信念和物品。
Geographers cut it in two.
地理学家把它一分为二。
Material culture is everything you can touch: food, clothes, buildings and tools.
物质文化是你能摸到的一切：食物、衣服、建筑和工具。
Nonmaterial culture is everything you cannot: language, religion, values and rules.
非物质文化是你摸不到的一切：语言、宗教、价值观和规则。
A cultural trait is one single element of it, such as eating with chopsticks.
文化特征是其中的单个元素，比如用筷子吃饭。
Linked traits form a cultural complex.
还有两种态度也很重要。
Two attitudes also matter. Cultural relativism means judging a culture by its own standards.
文化相对论是指用一种文化自身的标准去评价它。
Ethnocentrism means judging everyone else by your own.
民族中心主义则是用自己的标准去评价其他所有人。
Now look at the land itself.
现在看土地本身。
The cultural landscape is the visible imprint people leave on a place: buildings, farms, roads, signs, monuments and ethnic enclaves.
文化景观是人们在一个地方留下的可见印记：建筑、农田、道路、 招牌和纪念物。
Even the place names count.
连地名也算。
Geographers call those toponyms, and a religious place name can tell you exactly who settled there.
地理学家称之为地名标记，一个带宗教色彩的地名， 能明确告诉你是谁在这里定居过。
Sequent occupance is the idea that every group who lives there adds one more layer.
承继占用是指：住过这里的每一群人都会再叠加一层。
So a single street can show you its whole history at once, and that gate is your evidence.
所以一条街道就能同时展示它的全部历史，而那座牌楼就是你的证据。
Culture is also patterned across space.
文化在空间上也呈现出格局。
Where many people share a language, a religion or an ethnicity, we get a cultural region, and a strong sense of place.
当许多人共享一种语言、一种宗教或一个族群身份时， 就形成了文化区，并产生强烈的地方感。
Those shared things are centripetal forces: they pull a group together.
这些共享之物是向心力：把群体拉在一起。
When language or religion divides people instead, the same things become centrifugal forces, and they push a group apart.
而当语言或宗教反过来把人分开时，同样的东西就变成离心力，把群体推散。
Every cultural trait starts in a hearth, the place where it began.
每一个文化特征都始于一个源地，也就是它诞生的地方。
Diffusion is how it spreads out from there.
扩散就是它从那里向外传播的方式。
Students lose marks by guessing the type, so ask one question first. After it has spread, does the hearth still have it?
学生常因为猜类型而失分，所以先问一个问题：传播之后，源地还保留着它吗？
If the answer is no, because the trait travelled as people migrate, that is relocation diffusion.
如果答案是否，因为这个特征是跟着离开的人一起走的，那就是迁移扩散。
If the answer is yes, because the trait is staying strong at the source and spreads outward as well, that is expansion diffusion.
如果答案是是，因为源头保留了它，同时它还向外扩散，那就是扩展扩散。
Now watch all four play out side by side, on the same grid of towns.
现在看这四种在同一张城镇网格上并排演示。
In relocation, the people move and the idea goes with them, so the hearth goes dark.
迁移扩散中，人在移动，观念随人而走， 源地因此熄灭。
In contagious diffusion, it ripples outward to every neighbour nearby.
传染扩散中，它像水波一样向外传给附近的每一个邻居。
In hierarchical diffusion, it jumps between the biggest places first.
等级扩散中，它先在最大的地方之间跳跃。
And in stimulus diffusion, the idea arrives, but changed.
而在刺激扩散中，观念到达了，但已经被改变。
Here are the same four as a card you can memorise.
这就是可以背下来的同样四种类型。
Relocation: the hearth fades and migrants carry the trait away.
迁移扩散：源地褪色，移民把特征带走。
Contagious: it reaches every neighbour close by.
传染扩散：它传到附近的每一个邻居。
Hierarchical: big places first, then down to small towns.
等级扩散：先是大地方，再向下传到小城镇。
Stimulus: the idea arrives, but the form adapts.
刺激扩散：观念到了，但形式发生了改变。
Learn the family names too. Relocation stands alone. Contagious, hierarchical and stimulus are all expansion.
类别名称也要记住：迁移扩散自成一类； 传染、等级和刺激都属于扩展扩散。
Why does culture spread at all?
文化为什么会传播？
Historically, colonialism, imperialism and trade routes carried languages, religions and crops across whole continents, and often by force.
在历史上，殖民主义、帝国主义和贸易路线把语言、宗教和作物 带到整片整片的大陆，而且常常是靠武力。
Contemporary causes — globalisation and communication technology — do that work.
今天，做这件事的是全球化和通信技术。
Time-space compression means places feel closer than they used to, so a trend can now cross the world in hours instead of centuries.
时空收敛意味着地方之间感觉比过去更近，所以一种潮流现在几个小时就能传遍世界， 而不再需要几个世纪。
Religion and language are the clearest cases.
宗教和语言是最清楚的例子。
Universalising religions, also called universalizing religions, such as Christianity, Islam and Buddhism, look for converts, so they spread by both expansion and relocation.
普世宗教，比如基督教、伊斯兰教和佛教，寻求皈依者， 所以既通过扩展扩散，也通过迁移扩散传播。
Ethnic religions, such as Hinduism and Judaism, stay tied to one people, and travel mainly when that people moves.
民族宗教，比如印度教和犹太教， 与某一个民族绑定，主要随该民族的迁移而传播。
Languages work the same way.
语言也是一样。
A language family shares one ancestor; languages can split into dialects.
一个语系共享同一个祖先。
A lingua franca is a shared language between groups with different first languages.
通用语是母语不同的群体之间使用的共同语言。
And a pidgin becomes a creole once children grow up speaking it.
而当孩子从小就说皮钦语时，它就变成了克里奥尔语。
So what happens when two cultures meet?
那么两种文化相遇时会发生什么？
Three outcomes, and the exam wants them kept apart.
有三种结果，考试要求你把它们分清。
Acculturation: a group takes on some traits of another culture but keeps its own.
文化适应：一个群体吸收了另一种文化的部分特征，但保留自己的文化。
Assimilation: it blends in fully and loses its original culture.
同化：它完全融入，失去了原来的文化。
Syncretism: the two fuse into something new, like a new style of music.
融合：两者熔铸成全新的东西， 比如一种新的音乐风格。
Look at the coloured dots. Only syncretism turns both of them into a third colour.
看那些彩色圆点：只有融合把两个圆点都变成了第三种颜色。
Zoom out, and diffusion moves whole places in two opposite directions.
把视野拉远，扩散会把整个地方推向两个相反的方向。
Cultural convergence is when places grow more alike: the same brands, the same films, English online.
文化趋同是指各地变得越来越相似：同样的品牌、同样的电影、网上通用的英语。
Cultural divergence is when a culture deliberately becomes more distinct, guarding its language, its food or its dress against outside influence.
文化分化则是一种文化刻意变得更独特，守护自己的语言、饮食或服饰，抵御外来影响。
Globalisation pushes both at once, and that tension is exactly what the exam asks you to discuss.
全球化同时推动这两者，而这种张力正是考试要你去论述的。
Here is a real question from the twenty twenty-four exam. Describe one type of diffusion by which culture traits spread. Pause and write your answer now.
这是二零二四年真题中的一道题：描述文化特征传播的一种扩散类型。
Ready? Describe needs three moves.
先暂停，把你的答案写下来。
Name the type.
好了吗？
Say how it works. Give one example. Here is a full answer.
描述题需要三步：说出类型的名称； 说明它是怎样运作的；再给一个例子。
Hierarchical diffusion spreads a trait from large, important places to other large places first, and only later down to smaller towns, for example a fashion that starts in big cities.
下面是一个满分答案： 等级扩散把一个特征先从大而重要的地方传到其他大地方，之后才向下传到较小的城镇， 例如一种起源于大城市的时尚。
An answer that only names the type earns nothing.
只写出类型名称的答案，一分也拿不到。
One more habit, and it earns marks in every unit. The command word is the question.
还有一个习惯，它在每个单元都能得分：指令词就是题目本身。
Look at this real prompt: explain how food preferences can be a culture trait.
看这道真题：解释食物偏好为什么可以是一种文化特征。
Explain needs a link, not a definition.
解释题需要的是一个联系，而不是一个定义。
The strong answer connects the food to the idea of a shared group, so choosing that dish shows that you belong.
好的答案把食物与共同群体的观念联系起来： 选择并吃那道菜，表明你属于这个群体。
An answer that only lists foods earns zero.
只罗列食物的答案，零分。
Four traps to close before the exam.
考前要堵上的四个坑。
The first thing to decide is always relocation or expansion: did the people move, or did the hearth keep the trait?
第一件要判断的事永远是：迁移还是扩展？ 是人搬走了，还是源地保留了这个特征？
Name the sub-type precisely, contagious, hierarchical or stimulus.
把子类型说准确：传染、等级还是刺激。
Keep the two religion words apart: universalising religions seek converts, ethnic religions pass down by birth.
把两个宗教词分清：普世宗教寻求皈依者，民族宗教靠出生传承。
And keep the three effect words apart as well: acculturation, assimilation and syncretism are not the same thing.
三个结果词也要分清：文化适应、同化和融合不是一回事。
Four quick questions.
四道快速自测题。
Cover the answer strip at the bottom, pause the video, and say each one out loud.
把底部的答案条挡住，暂停视频，把每一题大声说出来。
If you can answer all four without looking, this unit is yours.
如果四题都能不看答案说出来，这个单元你就掌握了。