Elements of Art
AP 2-D Art and Design Topic 1 8:02 English narration · English + 中文 subtitles burned in
Chapters
Transcript
Look at three famous pictures.
看三幅名画。
A wave from Japan.
一道来自日本的巨浪。
A candle-lit room in England.
一间英国的烛光房间。
A vase of sunflowers in France.
一瓶法国的向日葵。
Different countries, different centuries, different stories.
不同的国家，不同的世纪，不同的故事。
Yet every one of them is built from the same six elements of art.
但它们都由同样的六个部分构成。
Learn those six parts and you can read any picture, and make your own work much stronger.
学会这六个部分，你就能读懂任何一幅画，也能让自己的作品更有力量。
Here is the plan.
这是本节的安排。
First, line, the mark that leads your eye.
首先是线条，引导视线的痕迹。
Then shape and form, flat or solid.
然后是形状与形体，平面的还是立体的。
Then value, the light and the dark.
接着是明度，也就是明与暗。
Then colour, and how colours sit together.
然后是色彩，以及颜色如何搭配。
Then texture, how a surface feels.
再是肌理，表面摸上去的感觉。
And last, space, the depth inside a flat picture.
最后是空间，平面画中的深度。
Six elements, and every artwork uses them.
六个元素，每一件作品都在用它们。
A line is a moving point that the eye follows.
线条是眼睛追随的一个移动的点。
Every line has length and direction.
每条线都有长度和方向。
It also has quality.
它还有线质。
A line can be thick or thin.
线可以粗，也可以细。
It can be smooth or rough, dark or light, solid or broken.
可以光滑或粗糙，深或浅，连续或断开。
Change the quality and you change the feeling.
改变线质，就改变了感觉。
A contour line traces the outside edge of a form.
轮廓线勾出形体的外缘。
A gesture line is fast and loose, and it catches movement in a few seconds.
速写线快速而松弛，几秒钟就抓住动态。
Now watch line do its work.
现在看线条如何发挥作用。
Hokusai draws the great wave with one bold curve, and claws of foam along the top.
北斋用一条有力的曲线画出巨浪，浪尖上是爪子般的浪花。
Your eye rides that curve from left to right.
你的视线沿着这条曲线从左向右移动。
Then the artist stops you.
然后画家让你停下。
A tiny mountain sits quietly in the gap.
一座小小的山静静地立在空隙中。
Below it, three boats bend under the water.
它下面，三条小船在水中弯曲。
Nothing is written down, but the lines tell you exactly where to look.
画上没有写任何字，但线条准确地告诉你该看哪里。
A path like that is an implied line: not drawn at all, but suggested by a row of objects, or by where a person is looking.
这样的路径就是隐含线：它根本没有被画出来，而是由一排物体，或者由一个人望向的方向暗示出来的。
Direction carries feeling, and this is easy marks.
方向传达感觉，这是容易得的分。
A horizontal line lies down, so it feels calm and restful.
水平线躺着，所以感觉平静、安宁。
A vertical line stands up, so it feels strong and formal.
垂直线站着，所以感觉坚强、正式。
A diagonal line is falling or climbing, so it feels active and full of energy.
斜线在下落或攀升，所以感觉活跃、充满能量。
Artists use line for four jobs: to build shape, to shade value, to imply texture, and to lead the eye.
艺术家用线条做四件事：构建形状，用排线表现明度，暗示肌理，以及引导视线。
A shape is a flat, closed area.
形状是一块平的、封闭的区域。
It has height and width, and nothing more.
它只有高和宽，没有别的。
A form looks solid, because it also has depth.
形体看上去是立体的，因为它还有深度。
Shapes come in two families.
形状分为两大类。
Geometric shapes are regular and mechanical: circles, squares, triangles.
几何形规整而机械：圆形、方形、三角形。
You meet them in buildings and machines.
你在建筑和机器上见到它们。
Organic shapes are free and natural, with soft uneven edges, like leaves, clouds, or a puddle of water.
有机形自由而自然，边缘柔软不规则，比如树叶、云，或一摊水。
Here is the trick that fixes weak drawing.
这个方法能治好画不准的问题。
The object itself is the positive shape.
物体本身是正形。
The empty area around it and between its parts is the negative shape.
它周围和各部分之间的空白区域是负形。
Beginners only look at the object.
初学者只看物体。
Watch what happens when we look at the gaps instead.
看看当我们改为观察空隙时会发生什么。
The gaps are shapes too, and they have their own edges.
空隙也是形状，它们也有自己的边缘。
Draw the gaps correctly, and the object becomes correct by itself.
把空隙画准，物体自己就准了。
Value means how light or dark a tone is.
明度是指一个色调有多亮或多暗。
It is not colour.
它不是颜色。
A value scale runs in even steps from white, through the greys, down to black.
明度阶从白开始，经过灰，均匀地过渡到黑。
Value is your most powerful tool, because value is what turns a shape into a form.
明度是你最有力的工具，因为正是明度把形状变成形体。
One flat tone gives you a flat disc.
一个平涂的色调只给你一个平面的圆盘。
Four tones, placed correctly, give you a ball.
四个色调，放对位置，就给你一个球。
Light always does the same five things to a form.
光对形体永远做同样的五件事。
The highlight is where the light hits square on.
高光是光正面照到的地方。
The midtones are the true value of the object.
中间调是物体本身的固有明度。
The core shadow is the darkest band, and it sits on the form, not at the edge.
明暗交界线是最暗的一条带，它在形体上，而不在边缘。
Reflected light bounces up off the table into that edge.
反光从桌面弹上来，落在那个边缘。
And the cast shadow is the dark the object throws.
投影则是物体投出的暗影。
Strong light against deep dark is called chiaroscuro.
强光与深暗放在一起，叫做明暗对照法。
Joseph Wright hides a single candle in the middle of this room.
约瑟夫·赖特把一支蜡烛藏在这间屋子中央。
You never see the flame, but you see what it does.
你看不见火焰，却看得见它的作用。
The two children's faces glow, because they sit nearest the light.
两个孩子的脸发亮，因为他们离光最近。
The corners fall away into almost total darkness.
角落则沉入几乎全黑。
Big value contrast makes the focal point, and it makes the drama.
强烈的明度对比造出视觉中心，也造出戏剧感。
Colour has three properties.
色彩有三个属性。
Hue is its name, like red, blue, or green.
色相是它的名字，比如红、蓝或绿。
Value is how light or dark it is.
明度是它有多亮或多暗。
Saturation is how dull or how vivid it is.
饱和度是它有多灰或多鲜艳。
The wheel puts every hue in order.
色轮把色相排成顺序。
Red, yellow and blue are the primaries, and you cannot mix them from anything else.
红、黄、蓝是三原色，你无法用别的颜色调出它们。
Mix two primaries and you get a secondary.
两个原色相调就得到间色。
Red and yellow give orange.
红加黄得到橙。
Blue and yellow give green.
蓝加黄得到绿。
Red and blue give violet.
红加蓝得到紫。
Mix a primary with the secondary beside it and you get a tertiary.
原色和它旁边的间色相调，就得到复色。
Every colour scheme is just a shape drawn on the wheel.
每一种配色方案，都只是画在色轮上的一个形状。
Complementary colours sit straight across from each other.
互补色正好隔着圆心相对。
Side by side they shout at each other.
并排放在一起时，它们互相叫喊。
Mixed together they neutralise into a dull grey-brown.
混在一起时，它们互相抵消，变成暗淡的灰褐色。
Analogous colours are neighbours, so they always agree.
邻近色是邻居，所以总是很和谐。
Three colours evenly spaced give a triad: bold, but still balanced.
三个均匀分布的颜色组成三色组：大胆，但仍然平衡。
Van Gogh painted these sunflowers almost entirely in yellow and gold.
梵高画这些向日葵，几乎全部用黄色和金色。
Those hues are neighbours on the wheel, so this is an analogous scheme, and the picture feels warm and unified.
这些色相在色轮上是邻居， 所以这是邻近色配色，画面显得温暖而统一。
Remember temperature too.
也要记住色温。
Warm colours seem to come forward.
暖色看上去向前突出。
Cool colours seem to move back.
冷色看上去向后退去。
Add white for a tint, and add black for a shade.
加白得到淡色，加黑得到暗色。
Texture is the surface quality of a work, and there are two kinds.
肌理是作品的表面质感，它有两种。
Actual, or tactile, texture you can really touch: thick paint — impasto — rough paper, glued-on cloth.
实际肌理是真的可以摸到的：厚涂的颜料、粗糙的纸、 贴上去的布。
Look closely at this woven denim, and you can almost feel it.
仔细看这块织纹牛仔布，你几乎能摸到它。
Implied, or visual, texture only looks rough.
视觉肌理只是看起来粗糙。
Dürer built these hands out of thousands of fine ink lines.
丢勒用成千上万根细细的墨线画出这双手。
Nothing on that page is rough, but your eye is completely convinced.
那张纸上没有一处是粗糙的，但你的眼睛完全相信了。
Space is the area within, around, and between the parts of a picture.
空间是画面各部分之内、周围和之间的区域。
A scene sits in three planes: foreground, middle ground, and background.
一个场景分为三个层次：前景、中景和背景。
Distance changes what you see.
距离会改变你看到的东西。
Far things go paler, cooler and softer, and they lose their detail first.
远处的东西变得更淡、更冷、更柔和，最先失去细节。
That is atmospheric perspective.
这就是空气透视。
Overlapping does the same job more simply: put one shape in front of another and the eye reads depth at once.
重叠用更简单的办法做同一件事：把一个形状放在另一个形状前面， 眼睛马上就读出了深度。
And the format of the picture plane, with your cropping of it, decides how all that space is read.
而画面的幅面，以及你对它的裁切，决定了这些空间该怎么读。
Linear perspective is the other way to build depth.
线性透视是制造深度的另一种方法。
Draw the horizon line at your own eye level.
在你自己的视平线高度画出地平线。
Put one vanishing point on it.
在上面放一个灭点。
Every edge that runs away from you goes to that point, so parallel lines seem to meet.
所有向远处延伸的边都指向那个点，于是平行线看上去会相交。
The front face stays a true square.
正面仍然是一个真正的正方形。
Choose the depth, and a flat page becomes a box.
选好深度，一张平面的纸就变成了一个立方体。
Let's answer a real exam question.
我们来回答一道真正的考题。
Describe how line creates meaning in this portrait.
描述线条如何在这幅肖像中创造意义。
Weak answers just say the artist uses line.
弱的答案只会说：画家用了线条。
That earns nothing at all.
这一分也得不到。
A strong answer has three parts.
好的答案有三个部分。
First, name the element: line.
第一，说出元素的名称：线条。
Second, describe its quality: thick, jagged, diagonal lines in the background.
第二，描述它的线质：背景中粗重、参差的斜线。
Third, and this is where the marks are, link it to a feeling.
第三，也是分数所在，把它和感受联系起来。
Their restless direction makes the calm horizontal shoulders feel even more still.
这些线条不安的方向，让肩膀那些平静的水平线显得更加静止。
Three marks students throw away.
三个学生常常白白丢掉的分。
First, name the element precisely.
第一，准确说出元素的名称。
Say line, shape, form, value, colour, texture or space.
说线条、形状、形体、明度、色彩、肌理或空间。
Never just say it looks nice.
不要只说它很好看。
Second, keep shape and form apart: a shape is flat, a form has depth.
第二，把形状和形体分清楚：形状是平的，形体有深度。
Third, never stop at naming.
第三，绝不要只停在命名上。
Always say what the element does to the viewer.
永远要说出这个元素对观者做了什么。
Name it, describe it, then link it to an effect.
说出它，描述它，再把它和效果联系起来。